r. S. l)FJ\\krMENT ()I< ArxRICULTUl^H, 

K( l;i:\[ ol WIMAI. INDTS'I'lIA' r,iiii:iix \,., :;:,. 

1), V. SALMON. D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



8F 



ELEVKN M1S(:ELL.\NK()US PAPERS 



J. 



^:N [\[ AL PAll A.S I TES. 




WASHINGTON: 

;OVERNMRNT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1 :mi L'. 




O (. 



Book 



7' J) 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
II 

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— P.ui.lktin No. 35. 

D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 



^- ' It 



ff^ 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS 



ON 



a:^imal pakasites. 



C^s,ries W' Sf/les 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1902. 



S£onofn(* 






ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

C/m/; D. E. Salmon, D. V. M. 

Assistant Chief: A. D. Melvin, D. V. S. 

Chief Clerk: S. R. Burch. 

Dairy Division: Henry E. Alvord, C. E., chief; R. A. Pearson, M. S., assistant chief. 

Inspection Division: A. M. Farrington, B. S., B. V. S., chief; E. J. Jones, LL.M., 

assistant chief. 
Miscellaneous Division: Richard W. Hickman, Ph. G., V. M. D., chief. 
Editorial Clerk: George Fayette Thompson. 
Expert in Animal Husbandly: George M. Rommel, B. S. A. 
Artist: "W. S. D. Haines. 
Librarian: Beatrice C. Oberly. 

LABORATORIES. 

Biochemic Division: E. A. de Schweinitz, Ph. D., M. D., chief; Marion Dorset, M. D., 

assistant chief. 
Expert in Dairy Chemistry: George E. Patrick, M. S. 
Pathological Division: Ch. Wardell Stiles, A. M., M. S., Ph. D., chief. 
Zoological Division: JohnR. Mohler, V. M. D., zoologist; Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., 

acting assistant zoologist. 

EXPERIMENT STATION. 

Superintendent: E.G. Schroeder, M. D. V.; expert assistant, W. E. Cotton. 
2 



% 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 



U. S. Department of Aoriculture, 

Bureau of Animal Industry, 
Washington^ D. C.^ Decemher 2, lt)01. 

Sir: 1 have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for 
publication as Bulletin No. 35 of this Bureau, the manuscripts of eleven 
miscellaneous articles on animal parasites. Three of the parasites men- 
tioned are Asiatic and are likely to be found affecting some of the troops 
who have served in China or the Philippines. These three parasites 
are not familiar to American physicians in general, since they are not 
usually described in American text-books. One of the other parasites 
is the common vinegar eel, which is now reported as a parasite of man, 
and two parasites are discussed which are more or less problematic, 
but have been mentioned in many zoological and medical writings. 

While the work of this Bureau is primarily in the field of veterinary 
medicine, it is impossible entirely to avoid references to diseases which 
affect man. This is particularly the case with the animal parasites. 
Not only is it impossible to draw a sharp line between the parasites of 
man and those of the domesticated and wild animals, since the organisms 
in question are in many cases transmissible from one to the other, but 
as this is the only service in the Government which supports a labora- 
tory devoted to a study of medical and veterinary zoology, we are 
constantly being called upon by the physicians of the country, the 
State boards of health, and the various departments of the Government 
for information or cooperation in this field of science. 
Kespectfully, 



Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary. 



D. E. Salmon, 
Chief of Bureau. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
Treatment for roundworms in sheep, goats, and cattle. By Ch. Wardell 

Stiles, Ph. D 7 

The disinfection of kennels, pens, and yards by fire. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, 

Ph. D [ 15 

Eimeria Stiedx (Lindemann, 1865), correct name for the hepatic coccidia of 

rabbits. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 18 

Eimeridla, new genus of coccidia. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 18 

Notes on parasites— 58 to 62. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Albert Has- 

sall, M. R. C. V. S 19 

58: LevinncnieUa, new name for the trematode genus Lerinsenia Stossich. 

1899 (not Mesnil, 1897) 19 

59: Hmnatokechus similigenus, new name for the trematode H. similis Looss, 

1899 20 

60: Bothriocepllalinaj, Ptychobothriinse, and Mesogonina^ from a nomen- 

clatural standpoint 20 

61 : The type species of Anchistrocephalus 21 

62 : Tricuspidaria or Trhcnopliorus^? 22 

Two trematodes {Mnnosfoinulum lentis and Aijamodixtonruni opIiliKi/uiuliiuni) 

parasitic in the human eye. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. I) 24 

A case of Vinegar eel {Anguillula aceti) infection in the human bladder. By 

Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & W. Ashby Frankland, M. D 35 

An Egyptian and Japanese strongyle {Strongylus subtilis) which may possibly 

occur in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 41 

An adult cestode [Diplngonoporus grandis) of man which may possibly occur 
in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Louise 

Tayler, M. S 43 

A larval cestode {Sparganum Mansoni) of man which may possibly occur 
in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Louise 

Tayler, M. S 47 

Spurious parasitism due to partially digested bananas. By Ch. Wardell 

Stiles, Ph. D., & Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S 56 

Index to technical names 59 

5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate I. Spraying with burning oil 16 

II. Spraying with burning oil 16 

III. Dorsal and ventral views of Agamodistomum ophthalmobium 28 

IV. Vinegar eel ( Anguillula aceti) 36 

V. Full-grown male and female Strongylus subtilis 40 

FIGURES. 

Fig. 1. Tank, pump, and hose for spraying with oil 16 

2-5. (See Plate III) 28 

6-13. (See Plate IV) 36 

14-21. (See Plate V) 40 

22. Dorsal view of a portion of the strobila of the double-pored large tape- 

worm ( Diplogo7ioporus grandis) of man 44 

23. Ventral view of same 44 

24. Transverse section of same 44 

25. Ventral view of a portion of the strobila, showing two rows of geni- 

tal pores, with partially extruded cirri 45 

26. Ventral view of lateral half of a few segments of same 45 

27. Partially diagrammatic representation of a left set of main genital 

ducts, as seen from the ventral side 46 

28. An egg taken from the uterus 46 

29. Sparganum Mansoni 48 

30. Another specimen of same 48 

31. Head end of same 48 

32-35. Four different specimens of Sparganum Mansoni 50 

36. Longitudinal section of anterior end of fig. 34 '. 53 

37. A portion of banana found in the stool 56 

38. Dark banana cells showing arrangement resembling tapeworm 

strobilse 57 

6 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL 
PARASITES. 



TREATMENT FOR ROUNDWORMS IN SHEEP, (iOATS, AND CATTLE." 

By Cn. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
PatJwlogist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

Sheep, goats, and cattle suffer from the effects of roundworms. 
This is especially true during wet years. These parasites are found 
particularly in the lungs, the fourth stomach, and the bowels, and, 
when present in large numbers, the}" may result in the death of 5 to 
50 per cent of a flock. For some of these parasites, treatment is 
possible; but for others, treatment has not been found altogether 
satisfactory. 

TREATMENT. 

Roundworms which live free in the fourth stomach or in the bowels 
may be expelled b}- using various drugs in drenches. A long list of 
medicines might be mentioned, but man}" of the drugs most highly 
recommended frequently fail to effect a cure. Failures are due to 
several causes: The drug itself may be of little or no value; it may 
not be administered in the proper dose; it may not be administered in 
the proper way. 

One of the most commonly used drenches is turpentine, but more 
satisfactory results are obtained from the use of coal-tar creosote, or 
coal-tar creosote and thymol, or gasoline, or bluestone. 

COAL-TAR CREOSOTE. 

I have had excellent success in treating sheep, goats, and cattle for 
the twisted wireworm {Strongylus contoHus) with a 1 per cent solu- 
tion of coal-tar creosote. The medicine is easily prepared and quite 
inexpensive. It may be purchased of a druggist in small quantities 
of 1 ounce or in pound bottles. One ounce is sufficient for about 
20 adult sheep, and the cost of the treatment is less than one -half a 
cent per head; if creosote is purchased by the pound the cost is 
reduced to less than one-quarter of a cent per head. If creosote is 

* Published also as Circular No. 35 of this Bureau, 1901, pp. 1-S. 



8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

called for at a drug store, beechwood creosote will usually be dis- 
pensed. This is more expensive than the coal-tar creosote, and not so 
satisfactory in expelling- worms. 
A 1 per cent solution of coal-tar creosote is made as follows: 

Ounces. 

Coal-tar creosote 1 

Water "99 

Twisted wire worms {Strongyhts contortm) taken directly from the 
stomach of sheep or cattle die in one-half to one and a half minutes 
when immersed in this solution. 

If, in dosing, this liquid enters the lungs, the animal may succumb 
in a few minutes. If the dosing is performed carefully, as much as 6f 
ounces may be given to a full-grown sheep without fatal results. In 
some cases, however, the animal shows ill effects, from which it usually 
recovers within half an hour. Six ounces were given to a number of 
sheep without the slightest ill effects. The following table gives the 
doses of the 1 per cent mixture which were used in about 400 cases 
without ill effects: 

Lambs 4 to 12 months old 2 to 4 ounces (about 60 to 120 c. c. )• 

Yearling sheep and above 3 to 5 ounces (about 90 to 150 c. c.) . 

Calves 3 to 8 months old 5 to 10 ounces (about 150 to 300 c. c.) . 

Yearling steers 1 pint (about 480 c. c. ) . 

Two-year-olds and above 1 quart (about 960 c. c. ). 

Sheep, goats, and calves which received this treatment showed a 
marked improvement a few days after receiving a single dose. 

In experiments with creosote at Washington, D. C, sheep were 
drenched with a 1 per cent solution and killed immediately afterwards. 
Upon opening the fourth stomach, it was found that the wireworms 
present were dead. In some cases where this was tried later, the wire- 
worms were found to be still alive; but it is believed that the explana- 
tion of this fact has now been discovered. (See below, page 13.) Creo- 
sote does not appear to have much effect upon the worms below the 
stomach. 

If an overdose is given by mistake, and if the sheep appears severely 
affected by it, the animal should be placed in the shade. Even in some 
cases of very severe overdoses, where the animal is practically given 
up for dead, it may entirely recover within an hour or so. 

COAL-TAR CREOSOTE AND THYMOL. 

If, in addition to the stomach worms, the animals were suffering from 
severe infection of bowel worms, such as the hook worms, better results 
were obtained in the treatment when powdered th3anol was added to 
the creosote. In cases of this kind the creosote' solution is prepared, 
as directed above, and 30 to 80 or even 100 grains of thymol added to 
each dose after it has been measured. 

" 99 ounces = 6 jnnts and 3 ounces. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 9 

Thj'inol is expensive, the price varying in different parts of the 
countrv. It may be purchased bj'^ the ounce, but it is considerably 
cheaper if purchased by the pound. Avoid using thymol which has 
become vellowish or reddish and which has run together in the bottle 
so as to form a solid mass. Powder the crystals and have the drug- 
gist measure 30 grains. Give 30 grains to a lamb. al)out .50 grains to a 
yearling, and 70 to 80 or 100 grains to older sheep, according to size. 

In experiments I have had excellent results with a single dose of 
the creosote and thymol mixture. If necessary, however, the dose 
could be repeated after a week. 

BLUESTONE. 

In the recent experiments with bluestone by Hutcheon, in South 
Africa, against wire worm disease in sheep, it has been claimed that 
the same treatment expels tapeworms. 

Caution. — Repeated accidents have happened from using too strong 
a solution or too large doses, or in giving it in such a way that the 
medicine gained access to the lungs. Dr. Hutcheon^s method of pro- 
cedure, which is here given in detail, is safe in the hands of the average 
farmer if the directions are followed. The person who gives stronger 
doses than indicated, or who is careless about the measurements, must 
take the entire responsibility of the miscarriage of the treatment. It 
is a good plan to make up a smaller quantity of the solution and try it 
upon a few sheep before attempting to dose the entire flock. 

{a) To 2>i'<'p(ire the miacture. — Hutcheon has changed his formula 
slighth' from time to time. On February 21, 1895, he gave the fol- 
lowing proportions: 

Dissolve 1 pound avoirdupois (1 pound=16 ounces) of good com- 
mercial powdered bluestone (sulphate of copper) in 2 imperial quarts 
( = 2| quarts. United States) of boiling water; when the bluestone is 
thoroughly dissolved, add 6^ imperial gallons (=26 imperial quarts 
= 7| United States gallons = 31| United States quarts) of cold water, 
making in all 7 imperial gallons (or 8f United States gallons) of water. 

In 1897 he changed the strength of the solution to 1 pound of blue- 
stone to ''-10 whisk}' bottlefuls of water." This is practically 1 pound 
to 7i imperial gallons ( = 9 United States gallons = about S-t liters, 
metric) of water. 

Use onl}' bluestone which is of a uniform blue color; avoid that 
which is in conglomerate lumps with white patches and covered with 
a white crust. 

The equivalents of 1 pound avoirdupois and of 7 imperial gallons in 
other weights and measures are as follows: One pound avoirdupois = 1 
pound 2 ounces 280 grains of apothecaries' (also is equal to -153.59 
grams of metric weight). Seven imperial gallons = 8 gallons 3 pints 3 
fluid ounces 3 fluid drams 56 minims (or practicallv 8 gallons ?>\ pints. 



10 



BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



or 8| gallons) of apothecaries' (also is equal to 31.804409 liters, metric 
system). 

The farmer is cautioned against guessing at the weights and 
measures, for this is sure to result either in too strong a solution, 
which will kill his animals, or too weak a solution, which will fail to 
be effective. Scales and measures should be tested before they are 
used. If reliable scales are not at hand, buy the bluestone already 
weighed and have the exact weight in avoirdupois, apothecaries', or 
metric system marked on the package. 

If a smaller quantit}" than the above is desired, this can be made up 
in the proportion of 1 ounce avoirdupois of bluestone to 4| United 
States pints of water. 

(b) Preparation of the animals. — Let the sheep or cattle fast twenty 
to twenty-four hours before dosing. If the fast is thirty hours (longer 
fasts are dangerous), an extra half gallon or gallon of water should 
be added to the solution, as animals are more liable to suffer after a 
long fast. 

(c) Size of the dose. — Hutcheon has several times changed the size 
of the doses he advises, in some papers basing it on the imperial fluid 
ounce and in others on the tablespoon. The doses for sheep (in impe- 
rial ounces and in tablespoons) given below are his most recent (Jan- 
uary 10, 1895) recommendations, and, though based upon a solution 
with 5 per cent less water than the lirst solution given above, they may 
be used for the weaker mixture. 

I have given the metric doses to a number of sheep and goats, and 
the animals showed no ill effects. On the contrary, they gained in 

weight. 

Size of dose for animals at several ages. 





Approximate equivalents. 


Age of animals. 


Table- 
spoons. «• 


Imperial. 


United States apothe- 
caries. 


Metric. 




1 
2 
3 
4 
4J 
41 to 5 
5 to 51 


About i fluid oz 

About li fluid oz 

About 2i fluid oz 

About 3 fluid oz 

About 35 fluid oz 

About 3i to 31 fluid oz. 
About 3J to4i fluid oz. 


About f fluid oz 

About Ij fluid oz 

About 2 fluid oz 

About 2| fluid oz 

About 3 fluid oz 

About 3 to 3j fluid oz. 
About 3Ho 3f fluid oz. 


About 20 c. c. 


Lamb fi months old 


About 40 e. c. 


Shueii 11.' niiinths old 

Shoep IS miintlis old 

Sheep 21 months old 


About 60 c. c. 
About 80 C. C. 
About 90 c. c. 
90 to 100 c. c. 




lOOtollOc.c. 









""The tablespoon I refer to is the modern, full-sized tablespoon (6 fluid drams), 
tablespoon contains exactly half an ounce."— Hutcheon. 



The medicinal 



Be careful not to give a two-toothed, young sheep as much as a full- 
grown, four-toothed sheep. Mistakes may occur in judging the age 
unless the teeth are examined. 

The doses should be measured off' in bottles and the point of each 
dose plainly marked with a file. 

(d) Dosing. — In dosing, use long-necked bottles— as castor oil liottles, 
Worcestershire sauce bottles, or anchovy sauce bottles — or, better 
still, a drenching tube. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. ii 

Let one person place the sheep on its haunches and take its fore legs 
in his left hand while he steadies the head with the right. Another 
person inserts the neck of the bottle into the mouth. The head of the 
sheep should not be raised too high, as in that case the solution may 
enter the lungs and kill the sheep. A safe rule is to raise the nose to 
the height of the animal's eyes. 

(e) Overdose. — If, after dosing, an}^ of the sheep seem to be suffering 
from an overdose — indicated by lying apart from the flock, not feed- 
ing, manifesting a painful, excited look and a spasmodic movement in 
running, walking with a stitt' gait, purging, the discharge being a dirtj^ 
brownish color — take them away from the flock to a shady place and 
dose with laudanum and milk as follows: For a lamb 4 to (> months 
old, 1 teaspoonful of laudaiunn in a tumbler of milk; for a sheep 1 
year old, 2 teaspoonfuls of laudanum in a tumbler of milk. Repeat 
half the dose in two to three hours, if necessary. 

(y*) x\fteT-treatment. — The animals should not be allowed water for 
several hours after receiving their dose. 

I have used bluestone on several occasions, and, although it proved 
more or less successful, it was not so satisfactory as creosote or as 
gasoline. 

GASOLINE. 

Gasoline has recently gained considerable reputation as a vermifuge. 
I have used it in a number of cases and have found the claims made 
for it to be more or less justifled. Three objections, however, arise to 
its use, and I can not, therefore, consider it an ideal treatment. These 
objections are: 

(1) Not less than three doses, and usually four to six, arc required 
to expel the worms. Its use involves a great expenditure of labor, 
and it is therefore impracticable on the large ranches. 

(2) While several doses are not necessarily injurious to the stock, 
still, if the doses are large, repeated drenches cause a more or less 
severe congestion of the bowels. Not only that, but repeated hand- 
ling of range sheep, with the necessarj^ preliminary treatment of 
withholding food, is injurious to the animals. 

(3) If used on animals suffering from pleurisy, it is likely to be 
fatal. I have had several fatal cases of this kind. 

Nearly all vermifuges are, however, more or less poisonous in one 
way or another, and gasoline, if properly used, is not particularly 
dangerous. The necessity of repeating the dose from four to nine 
times, in order to effect a complete cure, will, however, militate 
against its general adoption. 

If gasoline is used, anmionia also should always be kept on hand. 
If an animal is wuddenl}- overcome by the effects of gasoline, a small 
amount (a teaspoonful or so) of aromatic spirits of ammonia may be 
given in watpr as a drench, to be repeated if necessary, and will 
usuall}" result in the recovery of the patient. 



12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

The usual doses of gasoline for stomach worms are: 

Ounce. 

Lambs I 

Sheep 2 

Calves 2 

Yearling steers 1 

I have used these doses repeatedly without any serious effects. 
Each dose is mixed separately in linseed oil, sweet milk, flaxseed tea, 
or an egg, and given as a drench. If given directly in water, it is 
more severe on the patient. 

An ounce and a half of gasoline has resulted in the immediate death 
of a full-grown ewe, but in some cases I have given to full-grown 
sheep as high as 2 to 3 ounces without serious results. I have also 
given as much as 3 ounces to a yearling steer, and 7 ounces (within an 
hour) to a horse, without causing serious symptoms. 1 have also given 
3 ounces to a full-grown chicken; the animal became very stupid for 
a time, but eventuall}^ recovered. On the other hand, in one case a 
yearling steer, in apparently quite health}' condition, succumbed 
within two minutes after a dose of 1^ ounces. These large doses were 
given experimentally to determine the danger point, and they should 
never be used by farmers in treating stock. 

In one instance a steer was suddenly overcome because the man who 
was administering the dose for me accidentally held the head too high 
and the medicine entered the lungs. The animal fell immediately and 
appeared to be almost dead. I happened to have a hypodermic 
syringe with me and some tablets of sulphate of strychnine. A hypo- 
dermic injection of this substance was immediatelj^ given, and within 
five minutes the animal was feeding as if nothing had happened. This 
incident led me to overdose several animals with gasoline and then to tr\' 
to revive them with hypodermic injections of strychnine. In all cases 
the treatment was successful. It is thus seen that injury from gaso- 
line may be counteracted by either aromatic spirits of aumionia or by 
strychnine. 

METHODS OP DRENCITING ANIMALS. 

The popular method of drenching is with a bottle. The use of a 
drenching tube is, however, far more satisfactory. A drenching tube 
may be made by taking an ordinary tin funnel, which may be pur- 
chased for 5 or 10 cents, and inserting the narrow end into one end of 
a rubber tube or hose, say 3 feet long and three-eighths or one-half 
inch in diameter; into the other end of the rubber tube is inserted a 
piece of three-eighths-inch brass or iron tubing about 1 to 6 inches 
long. 

The metal tube is placed between the animaFs back teeth, and the 
sheep or calf is allowed to bite upon it. The water or drench is 
poured into the funnel, which may be held by an assistant or fastened 
to a post at a convenient height. The man who holds the metal tube 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS (>N ANIMAL PARASITES. 13 

between the unimal's teeth can control the aniniars head with the left 
hand, and l\y holding the tube in the right hand, near the point of 
union of the rubl)er and metal tubes, he can easily control the flow of 
the fluid by pinching the rubber hose. Care must be taken not to 
hold the patient's nostrils closed, otherwise the dose will enter the 
lungs. 

It is usually advisable to let animals fast twelve to sixteen hours 
before dosing. 

POSITTON OK THE ANIMAL DURING DRENCHING. 

Difl'erent persons prefer to hold the animals in difl'erent positions 
during drenching. Thus (1) the animal may be left standing on all 
foui" feet; or (2) it may ])e placed on its haunches, one man holding 
its back up against his own bod}^; or (8) it may be placed direct!}' 
on its back on a sloping piece of ground, its head being in a direct 
line with its back, and higher than its rump; or (4) it may be placed 
upon its side, the head ])eing brought around so that the horns are 
squarely on the ground; the operator may then place one foot on one 
of the horns (especially in the case of semiwild cattle) and thus aid in 
holding the animal still. 

So far as administering the doses is concerned, the position on the 
back (3) is by far the easiest in the case of sheep, and the side 
position with head down (4) is the easiest in dosing cattle; furthermore, 
in these positions there is much less danger of an accident by getting 
the dose in the lungs. If animals are dosed standing or on their 
haunches, the nose should never be allowed to go above the ej^es; 
otherwise the drench may pass down the windpipe into the lungs. 

By dosing sheep with water colored red and blue with dyeing 
material, and killing the animals immediately after the liquid was 
swallowed, the following results were obtained: 

If the dose was given with the sheep standing (1), almost the entire 
quantity went directly into the fourth stomach; if the sheep was placed 
on its haunches, the fluid passed in part into the fourth stomach and 
in part into the first (the paunch); if the sheep was placed directly on 
its back (3), or if a steer was placed on its side (4) with head down, 
almost the entire dose passed into the first stomach (the paunch). If 
the animal, even when standing (1), struggled to a considerable degree, 
a portion of the fluid passed into the paunch. 

It will be immediately apparent that these facts are of practical 
importance in dosing. If, for instance, gasoline, turpentine, or creo- 
sote is used, better results may be expected if the sheep is dosed 
standing (1). 

PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 

First. Every ranch should have a hospital pasture situated on high, 
dr}^ ground, well drained, and without any pools or ponds; this should 
be supplied with raised troughs for watering and feeding, and the 



14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

water supply should come from a well. This pasture should not drain 
into any pasture in which healthy stock are feeding*. 

Second. As soon as ainy sick animal is noticed in the large pasture it 
should be immediately separated from the healthy stock and taken to 
the hospital pasture. To allow sick animals to run at large with 
healthy stock means to permit deliberately the spread of infection in 
the pastures and thus endanger the uninfected animals. 

Third. Proper watering places should be supplied in the large pas- 
tures by digging wells and erecting windmills to pump the water into 
tanks. These tanks should be raised above the ground, so that they can 
not become contaminated by the animals' droppings being washed 
into them by rains and floods. 

Fourth. Select high, sloping ground for pasture when this is possi- 
ble. Low pastures should be properly drained. 

Fifth. When practicable, burn the pastures regularly, thoroughly, 
and systematically. The heat from the burning grass will kill many 
of the eggs and young worms on the grass, ground, and in the 
droppings. 

Sixth. As parasites are more fatal to young animals than to old, a 
liberal supply of oats or some similar food will aid in giving to young 
animals strength which will enable them to witiistand the infection. A 
daily allowance of, say, half a pound of oats per lamb ought to reduce 
the mortality. At first they may not be inclined to eat it, but they 
will soon become accustomed to it. This simple precaution is reported 
as very efl'ectual in New Zealand. 

Seventh. Keep plenty of salt accessible to the animals. Some men 
add slaked lime to the salt; others add one part of sulphate of iron to 
100 parts of salt. As a matter of experience, salt kills many young 
worms. 

For the minute worms encysted in the fourth stomach, and also for 
those forming nodules in the bowels, no treatment is known. 

For worms in the lungs numerous methods of treatment have been 
suggested, and success has been claimed for certain remedies. None 
that I have tried, however, has proved satisfactory.'' 

No practical medicinal treatment is known for the flatworms of the 
liver, and the treatment for tapeworms in the bowels of ruminants is 
frequently unsuccessful. 

"See Stiles, 1902, Verminoua diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats in Texas ^Seven- 
teenth Annual Eeport of Bureau of Animal Industry (1900), 1902, pp. 356-379. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 15 

THE DISINFECTION OF KENNELS, PENS, AND YARDS BY FIRE. 

By Cn. Wakdell Stiles, Pii. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

In a recent outbreak of uncinariasis among the blue foxes ( Yidpes 
lagopus) of the National Zoological Park, at Washington, D. C. , and 
of infection by the twisted wireworm [Stronyylus contortuf<) among 
the ruminants of the same institution, the problem of disinfecting the 
yards presented itself. In the diseases in question 1 had to deal with 
nematode eggs and embryos, which experience has shown to be difficult 
to kill by the ordinary methods of disinfection. 

Experiments and experience in Texas have shown fire (by burning 
the pastures) to be a cheap and practical means of disinfecting a pasture 
infested with these two genera ( Unc'maria and Sstromjyluh)^ and the 
question arose as to how fire could be safely used for the same purpose 
in pens, kennels, and yards. 

It is evident that an}^ method which involved the pouring around of 
an inflammable oil was excluded as being too dangerous and too 
expensive. The use of a gasoline burner, such as is used in repairing 
asphalt pavements, suggested itself, and was immediately tried. Unfor- 
tunately, the instrument is clumsy and difficult to handle, but the heat 
it developed on the ground showed that the general principles involved 
were applicable. The surface of the ground was thoroughly scorched, 
and all particles of wood, straw, pine needles, etc., were burned. 
From the temperature to which the surface of the ground was heated 
(tested by the hand), it is clear that any superficially situated nematode 
eggs or larvge would be immediately killed. As stated elsewhere, I have 
found in Texas that the burning of the grass on the prairie generates 
sufficient heat practically to disinfect the pastures of parasitic nema- 
todes — a conclusion based, not upon observing the dead nematodes, 
but upon the fact that an outbreak of nematode infection in cattle may 
be checked by this method. The conclusion appears justified, there- 
fore, that outbreaks of nematode disease in kennels, zoological gar- 
dens, etc., can be checked by similar measures. 

Owing to the price charged for the asphalt burners, and to their un- 
wieldiness, I began the construction of a new and cheaper apparatus, one 
more simple in form and more convenient to handle; but before this in- 
strument was completed Dr. L. O. Howard, entomologist of this Depart- 
ment, called my attention to an apparatus already in existence which 
will apparently answer the purpose. The instrument in question is the 
so-called "cyclone burner," and is described by Forbush " as follows: 

"Professor Fernald had recommended in 1889 that the egga of the moth be scraped 
from the trees and burned. This was the most effectual method of egg-kiUing pur- 
sued by the first commission. During the spring of 1891 it was used by the second 

"Forbush & Fernald, 1896, The Gypsy Moth, Porthetria disjmr (Linn.). A report 
of the work of destroying the insect in tlie Commonwealth of Massachusetts, etc., 
Boston, pp. xii+495+c. 66 plates, 5 maps, and figs, in text. 



16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

commission and later by the employees of the State board of agriculture. The egga 

were scraped off or cut away from the objects upon which they rested, placed in tin 

cans, and burned in stoves or brush fires. A fierce heat is required to insure their 

destruction. When exposed to such heat they finally burst with a snapping like a 

bunch of miniature firecrackers or the cracking of corn in a popper. Whenever the 

eggs were very numerous in undergrowth or waste land, fire was run through the 

dead leaves and debris as an experiment; but this method seemed to have little effect, 

as the heat was not sutficiently intense. The hairy covering of the egg clusters seems 

to possess remarkable nonconductive properties, rendering the eggs almost impervious 

for a time to sudden intense heat. Even with the hottest fire that can be applied to 

the egg clusters, some minutes are required to destroy them utterly. A running brush 

fire merely scorched the outside of the cluster, killing perhaps a few of the eggs in 

the external layer, but leaving the majority uninjured. Experiments were next 

made with crude petroleum, by spraying it over the ground and vegetation by means 

of watering pots and then igniting it. The fire thus made was fierce enough to 

destroy the small undergrowth and the upper layer of leaves, together with most of 

the eggs, l)ut such egg clusters as remained under roots or rocks were not injured. 

Considerable oil was wasted by soaking into the ground, and the remainder did not 

give the degree of heat which is obtained by 

atomizing. Experiments were then made 

with a view of perfecting a burning machine 

which would incinerate all undergrowth in 

a given tract. The first experiments were 

not entirely successful, as the machines were 

either too cumbersome or could not be used 

on rough or uneven ground. It was found 

necessary to provide an apparatus which 

would distribute the oil in a spray, as when 

thus thrown in fine particles in the air and 
Fig. 1.— Tank, pump, and hose for spraying ■ -j. ■, ■, c i ^ i u i. a 

with oil Ignited, it formed an extremely hot gas flame 

and was consumed to the best advantage. 

For economy's sake, such an apparatus must be light enough to be carried and operated 

by two men, as wagons could not be driven over much of the ground upon which this 

work was done. Experiments were made with the cyclone nozzle. An oil spray from 

this nozzle, when ignited, was found to give a very hot and effective flame. Crude 

oil was first used as a burning fluid, but as it is very objectionable on account of its 

rank odor, parafiin-gafe oil was substituted later. This oil has less odor and burns 

to better advantage, but is somewhat more expensive. A 15-gallon tank, which 

could be readily carried about by two men, was provided. On such a tank a Johnson 

pump, with a fine strainer placed over the suction pipe, was mounted and a short 

hose, of the kind made for the delivery of oil, was attached. Ordinary rubber hose 

is worthless for such a purpose, as it is soon destroyed by the corrosive action of the 

oil, and in the meantime the disintegrated particles frequently clog the nozzle.* 

A pole, consisting of an iron pipe 12 feet long, braced by being surrounded by 

wood for three-fourths of its length, was coupled to the hose. (See fig. 1.) No solder 

could be used in the fittings of the pipe or nozzle, as the fierce heat of the flame 

would fuse it. Tlie wooden cylinder into which the pipe was thrust was IJ inches 

in diameter. The wood, being a nonconductor of heat, was of great convenience in 

*The best oil hose that can be obtained will soon become corroded, clogging the 
nozzle. If an automatic clearing nozzle could be devised which would withstand the 
heat, much time might be saved which is now necessarily used in clearing the nozzle. 




Bulletin No. 35. B A. 1. 



Plate 1. 







ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS TAPEKS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 17 

handling the pole. The end of tlie pipe waa litted witli a cycl(jiie nozzle. The 
aperture of thiy nozzle is very Hniall, hence the value of the strahier ))efore mentioned, 
which prevents the entrance of foreign subHtanccH with the oil and a conwequent 
clogging of the nozzle. Tlie two men handling thin ai)paratus filled the tank with 
oil and then carried it to the spot where the burning was to l)e done. One man then 
operated the i>ump while the other handled tlie pole and nozzle. As soon as the 
pumji was started a fine spray of oil was thrown into the air and ignited by a match. 
By means of the jiole the resulting fierce flame was carried among the undergrowth 
and over the ground, destroying every living thing in its path. When this work 
was carefully done no eggs escaped, except such as were hidden in ledges or holes 
in the ground. An attempt was made also with this apparatus to destroy eggs 
which had been deposited in stone walls. (See PI. I.) Though this was par- 
tially sui'cessful, in so far as the fire reached and destroyed most of the eggs, 
those which were deposited mider the lower stones of the wall were unharmed, 
even though in many cases the stones were cracked and broken l)y the heat. As 
it sometimes became necessary to use this apparatus in Ijurning out walls near grow- 
ing crops, a sheet-iron screen was set up lietween the flame and the growing vege- 
tables, to protect them from the heat, being moved along the wall as the work 
progressed. Burning was thus done without any resultant injury to the gardens. 
This machine, which has been named the 'cyclone burner,' would be most useful 
in checking invasions of crawling pests, like the army worm." (See PI. II.) — For- 
bush tt- Fernald, 1896, pp. 119-121. 

It is well known that there is a high mortality among the animals in 
zoological gardens, and the expression that "wild animals do not do 
well in confinement" is common in zoological writings. From the 
postmortem examinations I have made on animals which have died in 
the National Zoological Park in this city, I am convinced that parasitic 
diseases play no insignificant role in this death rate. This is perfectly 
natural. In nature an animal roams over a considerable surface of 
ground, and the infection he spreads is therefore scattered. In a 
zoological garden this infection, with eggs and embrj'os of parasitic 
worms passed in his droppings, is necessarily confined to a small area, 
hence dirt pens are areas of concentrated infection. Naturally, there- 
fore, the mortality of animals dtie to parasilSc worms, particularly to 
nematodes not retjuiring an intermediate host, will be high. In order 
to reduce this mortality I suggest that, where practicable, at intervals 
of ten to thirty days, especially during warm, moist weather, the 
ground of all pens be burned by fire. 

It is understood, of course, that burning with a flame of this kind 
will disinfect only the surface of the ground, unless the fiame is held 
in one place for some seconds or minutes. 

Complaint has been made that there is a high mortality from uncini- 
ariasis among high-bred pups. The use of this flame in kennels ought 
to reduce this mortality practically to nothing, and I see no reason 
why the same general method of disinfection, modified to suit the par- 
ticular conditions at hand, should not be used on the seal rookeries 
and fox farms of the Alaskan islands. 

14459— No. 35—02 2 



18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

EIMERIA STIED.E (LINDEMANN, 1865), CORRECT NAME FOR THE 
HEPATIC COCCIDIA OF RABBITS. 

By Cn. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

It seems to have been quite generally overlooked that Lindemann 
named the hepatic coccidium of rabbits fourteen years earlier than 
Leuc'kart and thirteen years earlier than Rivolta. This results in an 
unfortunate change in the specific name. There must also be a change 
in the generic name, owing to a recent decision of the International 
Zoological Congress. 

At present the synonymy of the genus and the species stands as 

follows: 

Genus Eimeria. 

1875: £mima Schneider; type, E. falciformis (Eimer); intestine of mice. 
1878: Psorospermium Rivolta (not Miiller, 1841, p. 487). 
1878: Cytospermium Rivolta (at least in part). 
1879: Coccidium Leuckart; type, C. oviforme; liver of rabbits. 
1894: Pfeifferia Labbe (not Gray, 1853). Contains Coccidium jicrforans. 
1896: ?Goussia Labbe; type, Coccidium variahile Thelohan. 
1899: Pfeifferella 'Labbe= Pfeifferia Labbe renamed. 
Possibly other generic names belong here. 

Species Eimeria Stiedte (Lindemann, 1865) Stiles, 1902. 

1865: Monocystis Sticdse Lindemann, based upon Stieda's figs. 4-5, pi. 3, Arch. f. 

path. Anat., 1865; liver of rabbit. 
1878: Psorospermium cuniculi Rivolta. 
1878: '^ Psorospermium uniculi" Rivolta (misprint). 

1878: 1 Cytospermium hominis Rivolta, based upon Elmer's two cases in man. 
1879: Coccidium oviforme Leuckart; liver of ral)bit. 
1879: ? Coccidium j)erforans LiEVCKakt; intestine of rabljit. 
1879: Gregarina ovalis Baransky; liver, intestine, mesentery glands, and kidneys of 

rabbit. 
1893: Cocddimn cuniculi (Rivolta, 1878) Railliet. 
1893: 1 Coccidium hominis (Rivolta, 1878) Railliet. 
1896: Pfeifferia princeps Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium perforans and C. 

oviforme). 
1899: ? Pfeifferella jwinceps (Labbe, 1896) Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium 

X>erforans). 
1899: Pfeifferella prince2is var. Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium ouiforme). 
1902: Eimeria Stiedse (Lindemann, 1865) Stiles, 1902, p. 18. 



EIMERIELLA, NEW GENUS OF COCCIDIA. 

By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

A swarming stage of a parasite of a mouse was described by Eimer 
in 1870 as Gregarina falciformis. Schneider (1875) took this species 
as basis for a new genus — Eimeria. In 1879 Leuckart proposed the 
genus Coccidium for a parasite in rabbits which he thought was gener- 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PAKASITES. 19 

ically distinct from Eirneria. Comparatively recent investigations 
have now demonstrated that Eimer'm represents a nonsexual stage of 
animals which are congeneric with the animals of which Coccidium 
represents the sexual stage. Accordingly, the genus Gocciditmi now 
disappears, and all of its members should be transferred to Eimeria — 
E. Stiedae^ E. Ugemina, E. gasterostel, E. truncata, E. tenella^ E. 
Delagei, E. jjropria^ etc. 

Several nonsexual forms, for which the sexual stages are uncertain, 
have been described as belonging to the genus Eimei^ia^ and it 
develops that one species, E. nova^ runs through a sexual stage 
which presents characteristics similar to the nonsexual stage. This 
fact has led to the recognition of Eimeria for E, nova^ while Coccidium 
has been retained for the other species. Such a procedure, however, 
can not be adopted, as Eimeria (1875) is based upon a form {E. falci- 
farmk)^ which passes through the coccidium stage. Hence Eimeriella 
is here proposed as a new genus, with Eimeriella nova (Schneider, 
1881) as type species. 

NOTES ON PARASITES— 58-62. 

By Ch. Wakdell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, 

AND 

Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., 
Acting Assistant Zoologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

58: Levinseniella, new name for the trematode genus Levinsenia 
Stossich, 1899 (not Mesnil, 1897). 

In 1899 Stossich proposed the generic name Zevinscmia for a trema- 
tode genus of the family Fasciolidae. The genus has been used by 
several authors, all of whom have overlooked the fact that the name 
Levinsenia is preoccupied by Mesnil (Bull, scient. de la France et de 
la Belgique, Paris, v. 30, p. 93). 

We have called Professor Stossich's attention to the fact that his 
name is a homonym and suggested that he propose a new one. In 
reply he has requested us to make the change. Accordingly Levin- 
sen lella is here proposed as substitute. 

The synonymj' and bibliography to date for the genus are as follows: 

Levinseniella Stiles & Hassall, 1901. 

1899: Levinsenia" Stossich, 1899, pp. 7, 9 [not Mesnil, 1897, p. 93].— Luhe, 1899, p. 
538.— Idem, 1900, p. 508.— Looss, 1899, pp. 617, 620.— Bkaun, 1900, p. 6.— 
Odhner, 1900, p. 13. 

"Bibliographic references cited in this article by date may be found in full in any 
journal which gives the helminthological literature, for instance, the Zoologischer 
Anzeiger. They will also appear in full in the Index-Catalogue of Medical and 
Veterinary Zoology, now l)eing prepared for press, in the Zoological Laboratory of 
the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

1901: Levinseniella Stiles & Hassall, in Ward, 1901, May, pp. 176, 181, 182, 183, 
184. — Stiles & Hassall, 1902, pp. 19-20; Levinsenia Stossich, renamed. 

Original species of Levlnsenia: Distoina opacum Ward; D. hrachy- 
sommn Creplin; D. pygmaeuni; D. wacrophallos. 

Type svY.ciF.s.—Levmseniellal)7X(cJiysoma^ designated ])y Liihe, 1899, 
p. 538; also independently by Looss, 1899, p. 622. The former genus 
Levins&nia must probably be divided.* 

59: H^MATOLCECHUS SIMILIGENUS, NEW NAME FOR THE TrEMATODE 

H. siMiLis Looss, 1899. 

A curious and unfortunate case of nomenclature is presented on page 
602 of Looss's (1899) recent paper on Egyptian trematodes. 

Looss has proposed a new genus, Haeniatoloechus^ for several species 
of distomes. One of these is a new species, IT. similis, which he 
separates from Didoma wwlegatum. The name siviilis would in 
itself have been an unfortunate selection, because of liabilit}^ of con- 
fusion with another species in the same family, Distoma si//i/7e, yet it 
would have been valid under ordinary circumstances. Unfortunately, 
however, Looss has named his new species both D. simile and H. 
similis in the same paper, thus bringing into the world a stillborn 
homonym {D. simile Looss, 1899, not Sonsino, 1890). As a substi- 
tute for Looss's name we here propose Ilaematoloechus similigewis. 

The synonymy and bibliography of the species are as follows: 

H^MATOLCECHUS SIMILIGENUS. 

1899: Distomum simile Looss, 1899, p. 602, not Sonsino, 1890. 

1899: Hxmatokeckus similis (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1899, pp. 601, 602.— Stiles, 1901, 

p. 178. 
1902: Hucmatokechus similigenus Stiles & Hassall, 1902, p. 20, new name for 

H. similis. 

Type host and type locality not determined. 

60: Bothriocephalin^, Ptychobothriin^, and Mesogonin.^ from 
a nomenolatural standpoint. 

Liihe (1899) has recently placed helminthologists under obligations 
to himself through his work on the family Bothriocephalidiv and other 
parasites. Unfortunately, however, we lind it necessary to differ with 
him in several nomenclatural questions. Some of these are discussed 
in a recent paper by Stiles, and we here direct attention to three other 
cases. 

Liihe (1899) and Braun (1900) have adopted the family names " Both- 
riocephaliden " and " Bothriocephalidfe." By so doing they, of course, 
accept Bothriocephalus as type genus of the famil3\ Liihe, however, 

"Ward (1901, pp. 175-185) has proposed Microphallus with Disl. opacum as type; 
and Jilgerskiold (1901, Dec, p. 982) has recently used Sjjelolrema with Dist. JW 
mseum as type. 



KI.FA'KN MISOELLANKOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 21 

pi-oposes the iiiiine Ptychobothriiiiii; for the subfamily to which the 
type genus Botkrioceplmlin^ belongs, and Braun follows him in this 
error. The name of the typical su})family should, of course, corre- 
spond to the name of tlie family and of the type genus. Bothrioceph- 
alina>, which was a name in good standing at the time Liiiie proposed 
Pty(^hobothriina>, should therefore ])e retained. 

Ariola (Lt»()()) has erred in naming this subfamilj^ Mesogonin*; this 
name would ])e based upon a genus Memgonw^, which does not exist 
in this su])family. Memgoniinus Monticclli is a trematode genus, the 
correct name of which is ClinostomuDi. Ariola's nomenclature can 
not, of course, be accepted, as it is contrary to the code. 

Our Bureau of Animal Industry catalogue contains the following 
references to the names in question: 

Subfamily Bothriocephalin/K. 

1891: BothrioccpJidlimv MofiTiCELhi & Crety, 1891, p. 390. — Monticelli, 1892, p. 
107.— Gamble, 1896, p. 91.— Stiles, 1896, pp. 28, 25.— Idem, 1898, p. 85.— Per- 
kier, 1897, p. 1847.— Stiles & Hassall, 1899, pp. 100, 167.— Braun, 1900, p. 
1659.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 382. 

1899: Ptychohothriiniv LiJnE, 1899, pp. 41-46.— Idem, 1900, p. 210.— Braun, 1900, pp. 
1675, 1683, 1691-1693.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 398, 401. 

1899: Pti/choholJiri'hui LiJiiE, 1899, p. 46 (misprint for rtychohothriinx). 

1900: Mesogoninx Ariola, 1900, pp. 380, 382, 388 (type genus, Bothrincephalus) . 

The synon^'ms in the above table are not all coequal in the sense of 
containing the same species in all bibliographic references. The con- 
ception of the limits of a subfamily (the genera most closely related 
to the type genus of the subfamily) very naturally varies with differ- 
ent authors. As the subfamily name is tied to a given generic 
name, it nuist, however, follow that name, no matter how the group is 
divided or restricted. 

61: The Type Species of Anchistrocephalus. 

In 1854 Diesing proposed Polyonchohothrmm as subgenus of OncJio- 
hothrkmi. It contained ord}" one species, TetrahothriuTn jpolyjderi^ 
which he forthwith renamed Onchohothrluvi {Poly oncJiohotJir lam) 
.sejdlcoUe. vVccordingl}', j)olypte7'l is unquestionably the tj^pe of 
P()lyoncholjothrii(ra. 

In 1890 Monticelli proposed the genus Aiwliktrocephaltis to con- 
tain BotliriocephaluH niicrocephalus and Tetrahothriura jjolyjytet'i^ 
although he knew that Polyonchobothrium was based M^on j)olypteri. 

Liihe, in 18i)9, designated B. microcephahis as type of Anchistro- 
cephalus (which he changed to Ancistrocepludus)^ evidently on the 
ground that this species is better known \h2i\\ polypteri. He rejected 
Pol yonchohothr turn. 

Braun follows Liihe, l)ut explains that \i polypteri and micr'ocephalus 
pro\e to be generically related, AnchistTocephalus will fall as synonym 
of Polyonchohothviuin. 



22 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

With reference to the type species, we find it necessary to take issue 
with our colleagues. This case is fully covered by the B. A. Code 
and by precedent, and neither Liihe nor Braun has shown wherein 
the B. A. Code is unjust. Further, Braun has followed the ruling of 
the B. A. Code in other instances in the same paper. His reason for 
making an exception in this case is not clear, and to our minds no 
exception can be allowed. 

Monticelli's Anchistrocephalus (proposed without the designation of 
a type) contains the type species of an earlier genus. His proposal 
of this name was therefore a deliberate substitution of a newer for an 
older name, and the older name was known to him and cited by him. 
Anchistroceplialus therefore takes the same type as PolyoncliobotTwmin 
{u^\x\^^ ^ IKilyjpteri))^ and Ltihe's designation of iiiicrocephalus as type 
must be rejected on the ground that Monticelli included a type in his 
renamed genus. 

Liihe mentions the fact that little is known concerning P. 2>olypteri. 
This is unfortunate, but does not alter the case. 

The following references to the generic names in question are taken 
from our Bureau of Animal Industr}^ catalogue: 

1854: Onchobothrium {Polyonchobothrium) Diesing, 1854, p. 33. 
1863: Polyonchobothnum (Diesing) Diesing, 1863, pp. 215, 262-263. 
1890: Anchistrocephalus Monticelli, 1890, pp. 202, 208.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1657, 1674. 
1899: "Andstrocephalus Monticelli," of LiJnE, 1899, p. 37.— Bkaun, 1900, pp. 1657, 
1683, 1694-1695. 

62: Tricuspidaria or Tri^nophorus? 

In 1793 Rudolphi proposed the cestode genus TricusjpidaTia with 
Tt. nodulosa as type. In suggesting the name he says: "Omnibus 
hisce commotus proprio genera TriaenopTiorus vel Tricuspidaria eum 
enumerari mallcm, num recte, penes Helminthologos sit judicum." 

Of the two names used, he distinctly selects Tricuspidaria in con- 
nection with his diagnosis, and with this name alone does he combine 
the specific name nodulosa. In his next two articles (1801-1803, 
1808-1810) he retains Triciispidaria., with full knowledge of the fact 
that this name was also used (1794) for a genus of plants. Lamarck also 
retains Tricuspidaria in 1816. Despite the fact that, as the first reviser, 
Rudolphi had thus established beyond doubt the right of Tricuspidaria 
over Triaenopjhoriis^ he himself changed in 1819 to TriaenopJwrus. 
Since Rudolphi's time some authors have used one name, some the 
other. Liihe in his revision selected Triaenophorus, and Braun (1900) 
has followed Liihe, explaining that his reason for doing so is the page- 
precedence of Triaenophorus in 1793. In this ruling our German col- 
leagues have followed the Co^e of the German Zoological Society, 
which differs from the principle ("first reviser") usually adopted. 
The}^ have taken sides with some of the best-informed nomenclaturists 
in the world, hence they are in good conipan}". 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 23 

This principle of "page precedence" is an excellent one when all 
other things are equal, but when admitted as of more importance than 
other factors we nmst respectfully dift'er with our colleagues and take 
our position with those nomenclaturists who admit the principle of 
the "first reviser." 

It is not clear to us why Liihe and Braun have selected the rule of 
' ' page precedence " to cover this particular case, yet have not carried 
out this rule consistently in reference to all the genera treated in the 
same papers. Thus, if "page precedence" is appealed to in order to 
establish Triaenophortus over Tricuspidaria^ consistency calls for the 
acceptance, as type of every genus, the first species mentioned in connec- 
tion with that genus. Neither Liihe nor Braun consistently carries out 
this plan; hence "page precedence" must be construed as being a con- 
venience with them rather than a principle. The "first reviser," how- 
ever, is a principle, not a convenience, which we follow; hence we must 
reject Triaeiwphorus and accept Trieaspidaria. 

According to our Bureau of Animal Industry catalogue, the names 
in question occur as follows: 

Subfamily Tkicuspidariin^., new name. 

1889: Trlivnophoriche Lonnbeeg, 1889a, pp. 40-42. 

1899: Trlxnophorinis Luhe, 1899a, pp. 35-41, 55.— Idem, 1899b, p. 703.— Idem, 1900a, 

p. 99.— Idem, 1900b, p. 210.— Ariola, 1900, p. 378. 
1902: Tricuspidariinte Stiles & Hassall, 1902, p. 23. 

Genus Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793. 

1793: Trirenophorus vel Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44. 

1793: Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793, pp. 43^4; type and only species, Tsenianodu- 
losa= Tricuspidaria nodulosa. — Idem, 1802, pp. 99-102. — Idem, 1809, pp. 7, 
25-26, 32, 42, pi. 9, fig. 3.— Idem, 1810, pp. 32-37.— Lamarck, 1816, p. 169.— 
Olpers, 1816, pp. 38-39.— CuviER (1817, p. 45).'^- Tschudi, 1837, p. 24.— 
CoBBOLD, 1859, pp. 115-116.— Idem, 1859, pp. 202-203.— Knoch, 1862, pp. 
8, 28, 37.— Leuckart (Hoyle, trans.), 1886, p. 388.— Monticelli, 1892, 
p. 108.— Gamble, 1896, p. 91. 

1793 : Trisenophorus Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44. — [See also Rudolphi, 1809, p. 25, as syn. 
of Tricuspidaria'].— iDms., 1819, pp. 135, 467-468, 598.— Bremser, 1824, 
p. 138.— L'Herminier, 1826, p. 11.— deBlainville (1828, p. 596).— Creplin, 
1829, pp. 79-80.— Idem (1839, p. 295).— Mehlis, 1831, pp. 190-191.— Burmeis- 
ter, 1837, p. 526.— Siebold, 1837, p. 201.— Fischer de Waldheim, 1840, 
p. 160. — Du.iARDiN, 1845, pp. 625-626. — Wallenstedt, 1847, p. 6. — Diesing, 
1850, pp. 480, 604-605.— Idem, 1863, pp. 214, 246-249.— B a ird, 1853, 
pp. 93-94.— Goldberg, 1855, p. 127.— Molin, 1858a, p. 134.— Idem, 1858b, 
p. 292.— Idem (1861, p. 236).— Carus, 1863, p. 482.— Leuckart, 1863, 
pp. 162, 415,421.— Idem, 1879, p. 74.— Leuckart, Hoyle, 1886, pp. 56, 275, 
302, 309, 328, 375, 377, 675, 680, 682, 715.— Willemoes-Suhm, 1869, pp. 94- 
96. — Kahane, 1880, p. 251.— Braun, 1883, pp. 81, 102, 104.— Idem, 1895, 
pp. 168, 174.— Zschokke, 1884, p. 160.— Lonnberg, 1889a, pp. 40-42.— Zer- 

" Where dates are inclosed in parentlieses, the reference has been taken from the 
catalogue but haa not been revi-rificd. 



24 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

NECKE, 1895, pp. 7, 17, 18, 19, 29, 35, 40, 50, 61, 62, 63, figs. 43, 44, 45, 68, 
71._Gamble, 1896, p. 91.— Bettendorf (1897, p. 327).— Luhe, 1897, pp. 743, 
744. —Idem, 1899a, pp. 33, 34, 35, 37-38, 55.— Idem, 1899b, p. 703.— Idem, 
1900, pp. 54, 56, 58, 96, 98, 99, 107-108.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 379.— Saint- 
Remy, 1900, p. 293.— WoLFFHiJGEL, 1900, p. 133.— VaullecxEard, 1901, p. 109. 
1881: Tri uc) I ophorus oiMEGNiN, 1881, pp. 419-426- (misprint for Triwnophorns) . 

Species Tricuspidaria nodulosa (Pallas) Rudolphi. 

1793: Trimspidarianodulosa (Pallas) Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44.— Idem, 1802, pp. 99-102.— 
Idem, 1810, pp. X, 32-37, 238, pi. 9 [1809], figs. 6-11.— [See also Rudolphi, 
1819, p. 135, as syn. of Trutnoplwrm noduloms]. — Lamarck, 1816, p. 169. — 
Olfers, 1816, pp. 30, 38-39.— VAN Beneden, 1850, pp. 164-168, pi. 22, figs. 
1-5. — KtJCHENMEisTER, 1855, p. 30. — Cobbold, 1859a, pp. 115-116, 1 fig.— 
Idem, 1859b, pp. 202-203, 1 fig.— Idem, 1879, p. 470.— Knoch, 1862, p. 19.— 
Megnin, 1881a, pp. 419-426, pi. 25.— Idem, 1881b, pp. 924-925.— Ariol/ , 
1900, p. 460. 

1819: Trhenophorm nodit^osi(.s (Pallas) Rudolphi, 1819, pp. 135, 467-468, 598.— Bremser, 
1824a, p. 9, pi. 12, figs. 4-16.— Idem, 1824b, p. 138.— De Blainville( 1828, 
p. 596).— Burmeister, 1837, p. 526.— Creplin (1839, p. 295).— Fischer de 
Waldheiin, 1840, p. 160.— Dujardin, 1845, pp. 625-626.— Diesing, 1850, 
pp. 604-605.— Idem, 1863, pp. 247, 249.— Baird, 1853, pp. 93-94.— Siebold, 
1854, pp. 36, 41, 42, 43, 70-71.— Thomson, 1855, p. I9O.-7M0LIN, 1858a, 
p. 134.— Idem, 1858b, p. 292.— Idem (1861, p. 236).— Polonio (1860, p. 227).— 
Knoch|(1862, p. 32).— Carus, 1863, p. 482.— Leuckart, 1863, p. 415.— Wille- 
"moes-Suhm, 1869, pp. 95-96, pi. 10, figs. 2-4.— Kahane, 1880, pp. (192, 197).— 
Megnin, 1881, pp. 924-926.— Braun, 1883, p. 82.— Zschokke, 1884, pp. 158, 
163._gcHMiDT, 1888, pp. 179-186.— Lonnberg, 1889a, pp. 40-41, fig. 20.— 
Stossich, 1890a, p. 52.— Idem, 1890b, p. 135.— Idem, 1900, p. 6.— Francavig- 
LiA, 1892, p. 32.— Kowalewski, 1894a, p. 4.— Idem, 1894b, p. 223.— Fuhrmann, 
1895, p. 220.— Zernecke, 1895, p. 6.— Gamble, 1896, pp. 84, 85.— Luhe, 1897, 
pp. 742, 746.— Idem, 1899a, pp. 31, 32, 33,34, .38, 41.— Idem, 189CMi, pp. 703, 
709, 710, 712-714, 717.— Idem, 1900, pp. 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 
67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 108, pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 
7, figs. 23, 24, 28.— MtJHLiNG, 1898, p. 35.— Saint-Remy, 1900, p. 296. 

1881: Trixnopliorits nodulomsoi M±G-^i-^, 1881, pp. 419-426, pi. 25. 



TWO TREMATODES (MONOSTOMULUM LENTIS AND AGAMODISTOMUM 
OPHTHALMOBIUM) PARASITIC IN THE HUMAN EYE. 

By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

[Plate III, figures 2-5.] 

Two trematodes {Mcmmtomulum lentis and Agamodistomum ophthal- 
mohium) have been reported for the human ej^e. These worms are 
referred to in many medical, veterinary, and zoological works, and 
one might be led to assume that they were of some importance. As a 
matter of fact, while they are of some historic interest, it must be 
admitted that they are more or less problematic to the zoologist; to 
the medical profession they must be viewed as medical curiosities 
rather than organisms of any practical importance. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 25 

During' cortain recent studies 1 have })ecn o})liged to consult a num- 
ber of books in which these hehninths are mentioned, and, noticing 
the various views concerning them, it has appeared to me advisable to 
bring together in English our entire knowledge concerning the para- 
sites in question. The l)ibliographic references here cited are taken 
from the card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratorj' of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, and may be considered the most complete bi})liog- 
raphy and synonvmy of these two worms as yet published. So far 
as I am aware, the statements here made are practically a complete 
presentation of the various views thus far expressed regarding the two 
problematic parasites. 

Collective Group Monostomulum " Brandes, 1892. 

This is an artificial collective genus proposed b}' Brandes to receive 
agamic monostomes, the exact specific identity of which can not be 
recognized. 

The Eye Monostome (Monostomulum lentts"" Gescheidt, 1833) Brandes, 1892, 

OF Man. 

Specific diagnosis. — Monostomulum: One-tenth of a line (0.3 mm.) long. 
Habitat. — In crystalline lens of eye of man [Homo sapiens), in Odessa. 

Although quite a number of references to this parasite are found in 
medical and zoological literature, practically nothing is known con- 
cerning it. All discussions of the worm are based directly or indirectly 

"Bibliography. 
1892: Monostomulum Brandes, 1892, p. 510. 

••Synonymy and Bibliography. 

71758: Fasciolahepatica'LimjMvs (see below, p. 28). 

18.32: "Monostomen" Nordmann, 1832, p. ix. 

1833: Monostoma lentis Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 421, 445.— Eiss, 1838, p. 38.— Rayer, 1843, 
pp. 114, 116, 149.— GiJNTHER, 1858, p. 205.— Weinland, 1858, p. 86.— Idem, 
1859, p. 280.— Cobbold, 1876, p. 211.— Vogt, 1878, p. 13.— KtJcnENMEisTER & 
ZtJRN, 1882, p. 285.— Braun, 1883, p. 59.— Davaine, 1887, p. Ixxiii.— Blan- 
chard, 1888, pp. 542-543.— Ijima, 1889, p. 122.— Mosler & Feiper, 1894, 
p. 185.— Dung lison, 1893, pp. 821, 1174.— Idem, 1895, pp. 821, 1174.— Wood & 
Fitz, 1897, p. .335. 

1850: Monoslomum lentU (Gescheidt, 1833) Diesing, 1850, p. 329.— Idem, 1858, p. 24.— 
KiJCHENMEiSTER, 1855, pp. 180-182.— Idem, 1857, pp. 244-246.— Swart, 1862, p. 
34.— Leuckart, 1863, pp. 526, 633-634.— Idem, 1889, p. 175.— Idem, 1894, pp. 
446-448.— Wagner, 1876, p. 122.— Vogt, 1878, p. 10.— de Bonis, 1882, p. 180.— 
Davaine, 1887, pp. 820, 822.— Braun, 1893, p. 870.— Idem, 1895, p. 155.— R. 
Blanchard, 1895, pp. 729, 733.— Gamble, 1896, p. 63.— Huber, 1896, p. 501.— 
Moniez, 1896, pp. 86, 152, 153.— Kholodkovski, 1898, p. 34.— Stiles, 1898, p. 48. 

1860: Festucaria lentis (Gescheidt, 1833) Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 349.— Idem, 1861, 
p. 375. 

1864: "Distoma ophthalmobium Diesing, 1850," of Cobbold, 1864, pp. 191-192, in part. 

1892: Monostomulumlenlis{Gescheidt,\S:Mi)BRANi)ES,lS92, p. 510. —Stiles, 1901, p. 1539. 

?1892: Agamodistomum opJilhdlmohiitin (see pp. 29-34). 

?1896: Dicrocoeli,um lunccatum Stiles it IIassall (see below, pp. 28-29). 



26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

upon the single observation by von Nordmann (1832, p. ix), which reads 
as follows: 

During the continued investigations on the small animals found in the eyes, I have 
had opportunity to get on the track of several new and not uninteresting facts. In 
regard to the human eye, two new cases have now occurred which bear out an earlier 
exjjressed conjecture regarding the probability of the more frequent occurrence of 
entozoa. 

During the month of May Professor Jiingken extracted the lenses of two elderly 
blind women, at which operations I was present. In the first case ( Cataracia lenlic- 
ularis viridis) I found in one of the opaque lenses a living Filaria, 5 J lines long, in 
the act of ecdysis, while in the other lens no foreign body was to be discovered. 

The second case was more interesting to me and represented the first example of 
the presence of microscopic trematodes in the human eye, in that there were found 
eight specimens of monostomes in the lens substance. The animalculse, which lay 
in the upper layers of the lens substance, were one-tenth of a line long and moved, 
although slowly, after they were placed in warm water. The examination was made 
immediately after the operation. It is worthy of remark that in both cases the lenses 
were not entirely opaque, the cataracts were in process of formation, and the lens 
substance was still soft. 

There were present at the operation Doctors Jiingken, Becker, Staff Surgeons Braun, 
Goldschmidt, R. Froriep, Berg, Isensee, the Grecian doctor Fiirst Maurocordato, and 
some other younger medical men. 

Partially whitish opacities, which usually have a lancet form, extend from the 
periphery to the middle of the yellowish or greenish transparent lens, and not infre- 
quently have a resemblance to foreign animal l^odies, which can easily deceive the 
person who is less experienced.'' 

''"Wiihrend der fortgesetzten Untersuchungen iiber die Augenthierchen habe ich 
Gelegenheit gehabt, mehreren neuen und nicht ganz uninteressanten Thatsachen 
auf die Spur zu kommen. In Betreff des Menschenauges, so haben sich jetzl zwei 
neue Fillle ereignet, die einer friiher geJiusserten Vermuthung iiber die Wahrschein- 
lichkeit des ofteren Vorkommens von Binnenthieren rechtfertigen. 

" Im Verlauf des Monats Mai wurde von dem Hrn. Prof. Jiingken hieselbst an zwei 
iilteren erblindeten Frauen die Extraction der Linsen vorgenommen, wobei ich 
zugegen war. Im ersten F&We .{Cataracia lenticularis viridis) fand ich in einer der 
verdunkelten Linsen eine lebende, in der Hjiutung begriffene, 5J Lin. lange Filaria, 
wilhrend in der andern Linse kein fremdartiger thierischer Korper entdeckt werden 
konnte. 

" Der zweite Fall war mir interessanter und bot das erste Beispiel vom Vorkommen 
mikroskopischer Saugwiirmer im Menschenauge dar, indem in der Linsensubstanz 
acht Stiick MonoHloynen sich befanden. Die Thierchen lagen in den oberen Schichten 
der Linsensubstanz, waren xV Linie lang, und bewegten sich, obschon langsam, 
nachdem sie in warmes Wasser gelegt worden waren. Die Untersuchung geschah 
unmittelbar nach der Operation. Bemerkenswerth ist, dass in beiden Fiillen die 
Linsen noch nicht voUig verdunkelt, die Cataracta im Entstehen begriffen, und die 
Linsensubstanz noch weich waren. 

"Bei den Operationen waren zugegen die Herren DD. Jiingken, Becker, der Staabs- 
arzt Braun, Goldschmidt, R. Froriep, Berg, Isensee, der griechische Arzt Fiirst 
Maurocordato, und noch einige jiingere Mediciner. 

" Stellenweise weissliche Verdunkelungen, die gewohnlich eine lanzettformige 
Gestalt haben, von der Peripherie zum Mittelpuncte der gelblich oder griinlich 
durchscheinenden Linse sich strecken, haben nicht selten eine Ahnlichkeit mit fremd- 
artigen thierischen Korpern, welche den weniger Geiibten leicht tiiuschen konnen." — 
von Nordmann, 1832, p. ix. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 27 

It may be noticed, first, that this description is scarcely detailed 
enough to enable the certain recognition of the parasite. If another 
case occurred in which monostomes were found in the lens, one would 
be justified in considerintr them identical with von Nordraann's form, 
chiefly on the j^round that it would scarcely be possil)le to prove that 
they were different. Under these circumstances it need not be thought 
strange that authors have resorted to more or less speculation in order 
to interpret this case. It may also be noticed that while later authors 
have universally attributed the name 3£ono.st<mia lentls to von Nord- 
maun (1832), this author apparently did not use the binomial in ques- 
tion. It woidd appear, on the contrary, that Gescheidt (1833, p. 4:21) 
w!i,s the proposer of the name. 

Diesing (1850, p. 329) thinks that the worms mentioned by Ammon 
(1843) as ''^Dlstoma ocuU hmtKiiiP^ may be identical with MoiioKtoma 
lenth^ an opinion more or less concurred in b}^ Weinland (1859, p. 80), 
Cobbold (1876, p. 211), and others. While this view can not be desig- 
nated as itupossible, it should be recalled that the figures and description 
of ''Z^. ocul! limnanV^ (see p. 29) distinctly prove the presence of two 
suckers; hence, if Diesing is correct, Monostoma lentis would have to 
be considered a distome \^A<j(Lmodi8t<>miiin\ as Kiichenmeister (1855, 
pp. 180-182) has already pointed out, and not ^''Dhtoina oculi humanly'''' 
a member of the genus Monostoma. Against considering Monostoma 
lentis an Agamodistoiiii(iii,t\\(:i^o\nt\\\\\,yhQ advanced, as already recog- 
nized by Leuckart (1863), that Nordmann had the opportunity^ of exam- 
ining the fresh material, and since he was an exceedingly careful 
ol)server, it would not appear unreasonable to assume that he would 
have discovered the ventral acetabulum had one been present. Too 
much weight, however, should not be attached to this argument, since 
it has not infrequently occurred that ventral acetabula have escaped 
the attention of even careful observers. Kiichenmeister (1855, pp. 
180-182) endeavored to settle the questions involved by a reexamina- 
tion of the original specimens, but this, unfortunately, was not possi- 
ble, since the}^ could not ])e found. He suggests the possibilit}^ that 
the organism in reality represents a young Cysticercus celhilosae^ and 
refers to the possibility of mistaking young specimens of Cysticet^cus 
'pisiformis., of the rabbit, for trematodes. Monostoma leporis has, as 
a matter of fact, been shown by Railliet (1890) to be Cysticet^cus pisi- 
form.is. Later (1882, p. 285) Kiichenmeister gave up this idea and he 
looked upon the parasite as resulting from a proliferating redia, the 
capsule of which might have escaped the attention of Jiingken. 
Leuckart (1863, pp. 526, 633-634) is inclined to doubt Kiichenmeister's 
view of the cysticercal nature of Monostoma lentis. He says:" 

My observations on the; development of this parasite [Cysticercus cellulosx] are only 
slightly favorable to this hypothesis. Not only that the young bladder worms origi- 

""Meine Beobachtungen iibor die Kntwirklnng dieses Schmarotzers sind dieser 
liypothese nur wenig giinstig. Niclit 1>1<ih, dass dio jungen Finnen anfangs eine 



28 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. 

nail y have a globular form, therefore could indeed with difficulty be mistaken for a 
trematode, but aho the circumstance is here to be considered that Nordniann's 
worms measured only 0.3 mm. (one-tenth of a line), accordingly they were 
much too small, as cysticerci, to have a head primordium. As I have convinced 
myself, the primordium of the head of Cysticerciis cellulosse, like C. irenixmediocanellatfe, 
forms when the bladder worm is about 0.8 mm. long, accordingly in animals which 
are twice as large as the worms seen by von Nordmann. 

This rather keen reasoning by Leuckart deserves full attention; at 
the same time it ma}' be recalled that Nordmann did not state that the 
worms were not globular; many treraatodes are, in fact, nearl}" globular. 

Moquin-Tandon (iSfJO, p. 349; 1861, p. 375) changes the name to 
Festucarta ■ lentis^ and thinks the parasite might be mistaken for 
'"'' Fasciola OGulis.'''' (See p. 29.) 

R. Blanchard (ISSS, pp. 542-543) does not consider the presence of 
monostomes in the human eye an impossibilit}'; in fact, certain species 
are able to live in mammals, and Monostoma Setteni has been reported 
by Numan in the horse's eye, while MoncMoma constrictuTn was 
observed by Diesing in the eye of the bream {Ahrmnis hrama). It 
may, however, be observed that Blanchard and Railliet (1891) after- 
wards showed Monostoma Setteni to be a larval dipteron. 

One other view advanced as to the parasite under discussion is that 
it may possibly be an erratic trematode, perhaps a yoiuig Fasciola 
hepatica or a young DicrocoeUum, lanceatnm . Such a possibilit}' is 
mentioned, although not always without some reserve, l)y several 
authors— Blanchard (1895), Moniez (1896), Stiles (1898), and others. 

From the above review it will be clearly seen that Monostoma lentis 
is a problematic organism. Furthermore, it may be safely assumed 
that the specimens were immature. 

N(>me7-)datnre. — In order to aid in clearing up the helminthological 
nomenclature, Stossich has proposed to transfei" the agamic distomes 
to the collective group AgamodistoTnum^ while Brandes has proposed 
the names Mo^wstomuhim and Awphistrmndvin for agamic monostomes 
and amphistomes. It is quite clear that the form now under discussion 
should be transferred either to Monostomnluin or to A(/am(>disto)ivum, 
and from the meager evidence at hand MomMonndum is to lie preferred. 

The oldest certain specific name of this parasite is /e?itis, which is 
available, at date of writing, for all the generic names (Mojiostoma, 
3f(m,osto)nvlum, Dhtorna^ Agaiiiodlstomuni) which come into considera- 
tion, hence the valid name at present is j\[()nostomuhim /ent/.s. Should it 
afterwards be proved that this parasite is identical with Dicrocoelimn 

kugelrunde Form haben, also wohl schwerlich'mit einem Trematoden verwechselt 
werden konnen, auch der Umstand ist hier zubedenken, dass die Nordmann' schen 
Wiirmer nur 0,3 mm. (xV^^) massen, also viel zu klein waren, um (alsCysticercen) 
bereits einen Kopfzapfen zu triigen. Wie ich mich nachtrilglich iiberzeugt habe, 
bildet sich die Anlage des Kopfzapfens bei dem Cyst. ceUulos.'e, ganz wie bei Cyst. 
t;vnlx mediocanellntx, wenn der Blasenkorper etwa 0,8 mm. misst, also l)ei Thieren, 
die mehr als doppelt so gross sind, wie die von v. Nordmann gesehenen Wiirmer." — 
Leuckart, 1S63, 2>- 634. 



Explanation op Plate III. 

Fig. 2. Ventral view of Agamodistoinuin ophthalmobkun. (After von Amnion, 1838, 
pi. 12, fig. 24.) 

Fig. 3. "Dorsal" (lateral ?) view of same. (After von Ammon, 1838, pi. 12, fig. 25. ) 

Figs. 4, 5. Two other views of same in different stages of contraction. (After 
von Ammon, 1841, pi. 14, figs. 19, 20.) 

Note that in fig. 2, published in 1838, a ventral acetabulum is distinct; in figy. 4 and 
5, published in 1841, no ventral acetabulum is evident. 



Bulletin no. 35, B. A. I. 



Plate hi. 





Haines, del. 



A Hoen&Co.Litho 



Dorsal and ventral views of agamodistomum ophthalmobium. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 2^) 

lanceatum, or any other form (such a continj^cncy seems extremely 
remote), the (lucstiou of nomenclature must be decided upon accord- 
ing to the names involved. 

Collective Group Agamodistomum " Stossich, 1892. 

This is an artificial collective genus, in which are placed all specimens 
of distomes which have not yet reached a stage of development permit- 
ting the recognition of their true generic position. 

The Eye Distome (Agamodistomum ophthalmobium'' (Diesing, 1850) Stossich, 1892), 

OF Man. 

[Plate in, figures 2 to 5.] 

Diagnosis. — Agamodistomum : Body ovate-lanceolate, variable, one-fourth to one- 
half line long, one-sixth of a line broad. Mouth terminal to subterminal, orbicular. 
Acetabulum one-third larger than oral sucker, subcentral, with circular aperture. 

Habitat. — Between crystalline lens and its eapsule, in eye of man {Homo sapiens), 
in Dresden. 

This parasite has been found but once, and all the numerous refer- 
ences to it in zoological and medical literature are based upon the 

"Synonymy and Bibliography. 

1892: Agamodistomum Stossich, 1892, p. 4.— Idem, 1895, pp. 228-229.— Stiles & Has- 

sall, 1898, pp. 82, 96.— Stiles, 1898, pp. 22, 28, 29.— Idem, 1901, p. 1539. 
1892: Dhtomulum Brandes, 1892, p. 510. 
1898: Agamodistoma Stossich, 1898, pp. 58-59. 

''Synonymy and Bibliography. 

1833: "Distomen" Ammon, 1833, pp. 74-75. 

1833: Didoma ocidi humani Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 434-435.— Eiss, 1838, pp. 22-23,— 
Ammon, 1838, p. 37, pi. 12, figs. 24-25.— Idem, 1841, p. 72, pi. 14, figs. 
19-20.— Rayer, 1843, pp. 114, 116-117, 149.— KtJCHENMEisTER & ZtJRN, 1881, 
pp. 328, 329, pi. 7, fig. 13.— Bonis, 1882, p. 180.— R. Blanchard, 1888, pp. 630- 
631.— Braun, 1895, pp. 144-145.— Moniez, 1896, pp. 152-153. 

1850: Disto7num ophthalmobium Diesing, 1850, p. 334 l^=Distoma oculi humani re- 
named].— Idem, 1858, p. 333.— KtJCHENMEisTER, 1855, pp. 222-223, pi. 4, figs. 
13-15.— Idem, 1858, pp. 287-288, pi. 4, figs. 13-15.— Leuckart, 1863, pp. 610- 
613, fig. 205.— Idem, 1889, p. 440, fig. 191.— Idem, 1894, pp. 441-445.— Wagner, 
1876, p. 121.— Davaine, 1877, pp. Ixxix, 820, 822.— Linstow, 1878, p. 3.— 
VoGT, 1878, pp. 10, 13.— Braun, 1893, p. 870.— Blanchard, 1895, p. 733.— 
ScHNEiDEMtJHL, 1896, p. 302.— Stiles, 1898, p. 48. 

1855: Distoma ophthalmobium (Diesing, 1850) KIjchenmeister, 1855, p. 181. — Idem, 
1858, p. 246.— GtJNTHER, 1858, pp. 205, 209.— Cobbold, 1860, p. 6.— Idem, 1864, 
pp. 191-192, fig. 41 [in part].— Idem, 1866, p. 7.— Idem, 1876, p. 211.— Idem, 
1879, p. 36, fig. 5.— Moquin-Tandon, 1861, p. 373.— Kuchenmeister & ZtJRN, 
1881, pp. 328-329, pi. 8, fig. 12.— Braun, 1883, pp. 64-65.— Mosler & Peiper, 
1894, p. 177.— Kholodkovski, 1898, pp. 26, 32, 34, pi. 11, fig. 28. 

1859: Dicroccelium oculi humani (Diesing, 1850) Weinland, 1858, p. 86. — Idem, 1859, 
p. 281. 

1860: '^Distoma octdare Nordmann" of Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 347. 

1860: Fasciola ocularis Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 347 ( Distoma ophthalmobium renamed). 

1861: Fasciola ocidis Moquin-Tandon, 1861, p. 375 (for F. ocularis). 

1882: Distoma ocidar de Bonis, 1882, p. 180. 

1892: Agamodistomum ophthalmobium (Diesing, 1850) Stossich, 1892, p. 33. 

?1896: Dicrocoelium lanveatum Stiles & Hassall, 1896, p. 158. 

1896: "Distom. ^kuli humani Ammon" of Schneidemuhl, 1896, p. 302. 



30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

observations made by von Ammon and Gescheidt. Amnion's original 
account of the patient reads as follows: " 

CONGENITAL HARD AND SOFT CATARACT WITH PARTIAL OPACITY OF THE CAPSULE. 

In July, 1832, Professor Hasse, director of the Dresden Lying-in Institute, had the 
kindness to bring to my knowledge the fact that a child with cataracts on both eyes 
had been born in the institution which is under his direction. The examination of 
the child which was permitted me, through the kindness of Professor Hasse, shortly 
after delivery, showed a gray-blue colored iris on Vjoth eyes; the eye had the pecul- 
iarity that about a line from the inner border of the pupilla there was an irregular 
circle formed of numerous small white points. This peculiar ring reminded one very 
much of the first formation of the bony ring (composed of numerous white regular 
osseous points) on the eye of birds. On the left eye the cataract was peculiar in so 
far that in its middle the usual three-pronged cleft belonging to the cataract was here 
present. Around this somewhat dark cleft the lens was very cloudy. On the right 
there was a soft cataract, not to be mistaken, through the anterior very slightly 
opaque wall of the lens capsule. Artificial dilation of the pupils, repeatedly prac- 
ticed, revealed nothing except the above-described condition, in spite of the more 
extensive view of the opaque lens. A rolling motion [nystagmus] of the eyeball 
was not present, but the motion was entirely natural; the eyeballs did not lie at all 
deep in the orbits. Now and theii the child opened its eyelids very wide, just as if it 

"CATARACTA CONGENITA DURA ET MOLLIS CUM PARTIALI CAPSULE SUFFUSIONE. 

"Im Juli 1832 hatte Herr Professor Haase, Direktor des Dresdner Gebilrinstituts, 
die Giite, mich davon in Kenntniss zu setzen, dass in der seiner Leitung untergelje- 
nen Anstalt ein Kind mit Staaren auf beiden Augen geboren worden sey. Die dun;h 
die Gefulligkeit des Herrn Professor Haase mir ])ald nach der Geburt gestattete 
wiederholte Untersuchung des Kindes zeigte eine grau-blau gefiirbte Iris auf beiden 
Augen, welche die Eigenthiimlichkeit batten, dass ohngefiihr eine Linie von dem 
innern Pupillarrand entfernt ein regelmiissiger, aus lauter kleinen weissen Punkten 
gebildeter Kreis sich befand. Dieser eigenthiimliche Ring erinnerte sehr an die 
erste Bildung des Knochenringes (aus lauter kleinen weissen regelmiissigen Kno- 
chenpunkteu bestehend) am Augen der Vogel. Auf dem linken Auge war die Cata- 
racta in so fern eigenthiimlich, als sich in ihrer Mitte hier die der Cataracta dura 
angehorige eigenthiimliche dreizackige Spaltung vorfand. Um diese etwas dunkle 
Spaltung war die Linse sehr getriibt. Auf dem rechten Auge war eine weiche 
Cataracta, durch die sehr wenig getriibt vordere Linsenkapselwand nicht zu verken- 
nen. Kiinstliche Erweiterung der Pupillen zu wiederholten Malen gemacht, liess, 
ausser den angefi'ihrten Bemerkungen, trotz des grossern Ueljerblicks iiber die ver- 
dunkelten Linsen nichts wahrnehmen. Eine rollende Bewegung der Augapfel war 
nicht vorhanden, sondern es ging dieselbe ganz naturgemiiss von Statten; die 
Bulbi lagen durchaus nicht tief in den Orbitis. Dann und wann offnete das Kind 
die Augenlider sehr weit, gleichsam als wolle es von der [p. 75] vorhandenen, aber 
durch die verdunkelten Linsen verdeckten Sehkraft Gebrauch machen. 

"Das Kind war von der Mutter, die dasselbe ausserehelich geboren hatte, sehr 
vernachljissigt worden, so dass es sehr bald in eine Atrophia meseraica verfiel, die 
es im November 1832, todtete. Eine genaue anatomische Untersuchmig der aus 
den Orbitis genommenen Auge zeigte Folgendes: 

' ' Rechtes Auge. Die Form des Bulbus war normal, eben so Farbe und Consistenz 
der Sclerotica und Cornea. Der Glaskorper zeigte nichts Krankhaftes; dieNetzhaut 
war ziemlich dick, ohne Foramen centrale, wohl aber mit starker Ceutralfalte veres- 
hen, die nach oben eine eigenthiimliche Querfalte hatte, so dass sich hier die Gestalt 
eines Kreuzes bildete. Etwas gelblich war die Netzhautfalte gefiirbt, jedoch konnte 
der gelbe Fleck bestimmt nicht unterschieden werden. In Spiritus vini gelegt, 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 81 

wanttHl to make use of the power of sight which was present ])ut eonceaU-d l)y the 
opaque lenses. 

The child, which was illegitimate, was very much neglected by its mother, so that 
it soon fell into an atrophia meseraica, which killed it in November, 1832. A detailed 
anatomical examination of the excised eyes showed the following: 

liigJtt eye. — The form of the bulbus was normal, as were also the color and consist- 
ency f)f the sclerotica and the cornea. The crystalline lens showed no disease; the 
retina was (|uite thick, without foramen centrale, but provided, however, with a 
thick central fold, which had a peculiar transverse fold near the top, so that the figure 
of a cross was here formed. The retinal fold was colored somewhat yellowish; still 
the yellow spot could not be clearly distinguished. Placed in spirits of wine the 
retina appeared still thicker; the macula badia on the choroidea was present, but not 
colored very dark, and the pigment in the background of the choroidea around the 
entrance of the optic nerve was colored very dark. The lens and lens capsule, when 
exa'mined under a hand lens, showed here and there on the anterior surface of the 
capsulf? some clouded places; thi'ough the cajisule were seen large opaque portions of 
the lens, especially in the middle point; on the lateral portions the substance of the 
lens was normal in hardness and transparency; here the capsule was light and clear. 
Dr. Gescheidt, who examined the lens substance under the microscope for the entozoa 
[see above, p. 25, Mono-^toiiiu/um Iciiiis'], discovered l)y Dr. von Nordmann in Odessa 
in opaque human lenses, found four distomes, of the presence of which I also con- 
vinced myself on autopsy. Dr. Gescheidt did not risk a determination of the species, 
because of the newness of the examination. The lens of the left eye was also opaque, 
while the lens capsule of the same did not at first show any opacities; later, however, 
after it had lain twenty-four hours in water, it became somewhat softer, and it clouded; 
the middle of the lens substance, which exhibited the normal cleavage and which was 
transparent and normal on the borders, had a peculiar triangular nucleus, which 
moved here and there in the lens substance, was opaque and almost horn-like, and 
approached the calcareous-like concretions as to color and density. On the whole, 
the lens of the left eye was smaller than that of the right eye. The other parts of 
the bulbus had the same formation [Beschaffenheit] as those of the right eye. 

erschien die Netzhaut noch dicker; die Macula badia auf der Choroidea war vor- 
handen, jedoch nicht sehr dunkel gefiirbt, und iiberhaupt war das Pigment im 
Hintergrunde der Choroidea um den Eintritt des Sehnerven herum nichts weniger 
als sehr dunkel gefiirbt. Die Linse sammt Linsenkapsel unter der Lupe untersucht, 
zeigte an der vordern Fliiche (^er letztern hier und dort einige triibe Stellen; durch 
die Linsenkapsel hindurch sah man grosse Theile der Linse, vorziiglich im Mittel- 
punkt, undurchsichtig; an den Seitentheilen war die Linsensubstanz in Betreff der 
Hilrte und Durchsichtigkeit normal; hier war auch die Kapsel hell und klar. Herr 
Dr. Gescheidt, welcher die Linsensubstanz, Betreff der von Dr. v. Nordmann in 
Odessa, in verdunkelten menschlichen Linsen entdeckten Entozoen unter dem 
Mikroskope untersuchte, fand vier [p. 76] Distomen, von deren Gegenwart ich mich 
durch Autopsie ebenfalls iiberzeugte. Die Species zu bestimmen, wagte Herr Dr. 
Gescheidt bei der Nerheit der Untersuchung nicht. Die Linse des linken Auges war 
ebenfalls verdunkelt, wiihrend die Linsenkapsel desselben anfangs keine dunkeln 
Stellen zeigte, spiiter jedoch, nachdem sie vier und zwanzig Stunden im Wasser 
gelegen hatte, sich etwas auflockerte und verdunkelte; (Me Mitte der Linsensubstanz, 
welche jene eigenthiimliche Spaltung zeigte und an den Randern ziemlich durch- 
sichtig imd normal war, hatte einen eigenthiimlichei' dreieckigen Kern, der sich in 
der Linsensubstanz bin und her schob, undurchsichtig und fast hornartig war, und 
sich der kalkartigen Concretion in Betreff der Farbe und Dichtigkeit niiherte. Im 
Ganzen war die Linse des linken Auges offenbar kleiner als die des recten Auges. 
Die iibrigen Theile des Bulbus hatten dieselbe Beschaffenheit wie die des recten 
Auges." — AmniiOn, 1833, pp. 74-76. 

14459— No. 35—02 3 



32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Gescheidt* (1833, pp. 43i-i35) described the parasites in Question as 
follows: 

Distoma oculi Jmmani. — After I had examined several human eyes in vain lor 
entozoa (among which four presented not inconsiderable organic changes), I at last 
succeeded in finding distomes in the lens capsule of a child. The child was 5 
months old, born with lenticular cataract with partial opacity of the capsule, and 
died of atrophia meseraica. The observations on the living child and the results of 
the dissection of the eye, made thirty-six hours after death, which Professor von 
Ammon conducted in my presence, are found in the article on congenital cataract 
communicated by him in the first number of this volume [see above, pp. 30-31], 
and I have therefore to add here only the facts bearing upon the distomes. 

There were four of these in number, between the lens and the lens capsule, on the 
anterior wall of which the location of the animalculee revealed itself to the naked 
eye through some clouded places. The animalculse, one-fourth to one-half line 
long, were surrounded by an opaque, veil-like, white mass, and were seen in differ- 
ent positions. One specimen, which was free, without the veil-like surrounding 
mass, lay between the lens and the lens capsule, appeared in extended position, the 
suckers turned toward the under surface of the capsule wall, and it exhibited no move- 
ments. Two others which had retracted the caudal portion, exhibited therefore a 
form not unlike a phial, and gave slight evidences of life in that they retracted and 
extended the caudal portion. Once one of them assumed more the form of a cross 
with rounded arms, in that it retracted the middle portion of the body, while it 
stretched somewhat the head and tail ends, so that one could consider the head end 
as the upper arm, and the tail end as the lower arm, and the contracted middle por- 
tion as the lateral arms. The fourth specimen lay stretched, ]>ut lateral, and was 
motionless. In its stretched position the animalcula showed a lanceolate shape, the 
breadth being to the length as 1 to 3. The coloring was white. The anterior sucker, 
one-third smaller than the ventral sucker, appeared semicircular, provided with 
scarcely appreciably raised margins and with radiate fibers. The pharyngeal bulb was 
short and narrow, and merged quickly into the intestinal canal, which was of nearly 
the same breadth; the intestine branched, fork-like, somewhat anterior of the ven- 
tral sucker, extended down at each side of the latter toward the tail end, and here, 
covered by the ovaries, could not be followed farther. Of the organization of the 
ovaries there was also nothing definite to be recognized; only in one specimen I 
believed I could note the somewhat transverse position of the cotyledons. Professor 
von Ammon and my friend the practicing physician, Miinch, were present at the 
examination. 

"■" Distoma oculi humani. — Nachdem ich schon mehre Menschenaugen, unterdenen 
4 mit nicht unbedeutenden organischen Veriinderungen sich befanden, in Bezug auf 
Entozoen vergebens untersucht hatte, gelang es mir endlich bei einem Kinde in der 
Linsenkapsel Distomeii aufzufinden. Das Kind war fixnf Monat alt, mit Cataracta 
lenticularis cum partiali capsular suffusione geboren und starb an Atrophia mese- 
raica. Die Beobachtungen am lebenden Kinde und die Resultate der 36 Stunden 
nach dem Tode an den Augen angestellten Section, die Prof. v. Ammon in meinem 
Beiseyn veranstaltete, findet man in dem von diesem im ersten Hefte dieses Bandes 
mitgetheilten Aufsatze iiber die angeborne Cataract (S. 74-76), und ich habe daher 
hier nur das die Distomen specielle Betreffende hinzu zu fiigen. 

"Es befanden sich dieselben, 4 Stiick an der Zahl, zwischen der Linse und Linsen- 
kapsel, an deren vorderer Wand der Aufenthaltsort der Thierchen sich schon mit 
dem blosen Auge durch einige triibe Stellen zu erkennen gab. Die Thierchen, \ bis 
2 Linie lang, waren mit einer undurchsichtigen, schleierartigen, weissen Masse 
umgeben und zeigten sich in verschiedenen Stellungen. Das eine Exemplar, welches 
mehr frei, ohne schleierartige Umgebung, zwischen der Linse und Linsenkapsel lag, 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 33 

Some years later, Amnion (1838, p. 87; 1841, p. 72) gave four illus- 
trations of this parasite, which are here reproduced. His explanation 
of the figures simply states: 

Fig. 24. Figure of a DlMnrna ocuU humani, anterior view, and in fig. 25, a posterior 
view. 

Figs. 19, 20. Figures of DiMuma oculi humani. from the lens capsule of a congenital 
cataract. (Compare Gescheidt, Die Entozoen des Auges. Zeitschrift fiir Ophthal- 
mologie, v. 3 (4).) 

From the above description it is clear that an exact specific or even 
generic determination of the parasite is impossi))le. That it was a dis- 
tonie rather than a monostome is perfectly evident from tig. 2. That 
it may be a young stage of one of the liver flukes which had accidentally 
wandered to the eye must be admitted, but whether it belongs to 
F'ai^ciola hcpatlca^ Dicrocidhtm. laneeatuiii^ or Ophtliordils fdlneus-^ 
all three of which occur in Germany, is a (luestion which can not be 
definitely solved. Braun (1895, p. 144) inclines to the view that it is a 
Dict'OGa'lium lancentiuii . 

How the infection took place in this young child is a mystery. If the 
parasites were present in the fetus, the case woidd appear almost, 
though not absolutely, isolated in helminthology; furthermore, in such 
an event it is difficult to understand how they lived so long. This 
view, which is not excluded, presupposes that the mother became 
infected with liver flukes, which wandered to the fetus instead of to 
their natural habitat. That they entered the eye directly from water 
used in washing seems practically excluded. Another possible sup- 
position is that the child swallowed the cercarian stage of four distomes, 

erschien in gestreckter Lage die Saugmiindungen nach der untern Fliiche der Kapsel- 
wand zugekehrt und iiusserte keine Bewegung. Zwei andere hatten den Schwanztheil 
eingezogen [p. 435], zeigten daher eine den Piiiolen nicht uniihnliche Gestalt, und 
gaben, indem sie den Schwanztheil lang^am ein- und auszogen, noch sch wache Lebens- 
iiusserungen zu erkennen. Einmal nahin das Eine dersell^en mehr die Form eines 
mit abgerundeten Schenkeln versehenen Kreuzes an, indem es den mittlern Korper- 
theil zusammenzog, wahrend es das Kopf- und Schwanzende etwas streckte, so dass 
man den Kopftheil als den obern Schenkel des Kreuzes, das Schwanzende als den 
untern, und den zusammengezogenen mittlern Theil als die seitlichen Schenkel 
betrachten konnte. Das 4te Exemplar lag gestreckt, aber seitlich, und war bewe- 
gungslos. In der gestreckten Lage zeigte das Thierchen eine lanzettf(>rmige Gestalt 
und verhielt sichmit seiner Breite zur Lilnge wie 1-3. Die Fiirbung war weiss. 
Der vordere Saugnapf, um I kleiner als der mittlere, erschien halbkreisrund mit 
kaum merklichen wulstigen Riindern und strahlenformigen Fassern versehen. Der 
Schlundkopf war kurz und enge und ging schnell in den fast gleichweiten Darm- 
kanal iiber, der sich etwas iiber den mittlern Saugnapf gabelformig spaltete, zu 
beiden Seiten desselben nach dem Schwanzende herunter lief, und hier, von den 
Ovarien bedeckt, nicht weiter verfolgt werden konnte. Von der Organisation der 
Ovarien war ebenfalls nichts Bestimmtes wahrzunehmen; nur bei einem Individuum 
glaubte ich die etwas unregelmiissige transverselle Lagerung der Cotyledonen be- 
merken zu konnen. Bei dieser Untersuchung war der Herr Prof. v. Amnion und 
mein Freund, der pract. Arzt, Miinch, zugegen." — Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 434-435. 



34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

or possibh' in a redia. as suggested b}^ Kiichenmeister & Ziirn (1881), 
either in water or in contaminated food. 

Diesing (1850, p. 334) renamed this parasite binomiall}^ as Distomum 
oplithalmobium^ giving it the following diagnosis: 

Body ovate-lanceolate, depressed, variable. Neck short, subcylindrical. Mouth 
terminal, orbicular. Acetabulum one-third larger than mouth, subcentral, with 
circular aperture. Length, one-fourth to one-half line; breadth, one-sixth line." 

Kiichenmeister (1865, pp. 222-223) endeavored to tind the original 
preparations in the pathological collection of the Academy of Dresden, 
but was unable to do so. Cobbold's (1864) view that this parasite is iden- 
tical with Monostomulum lentis has been referred to above (see p. 25). 

Leuckart (1863, pp. 610-613) is not inclined to assume that the para- 
sites entered through the cornea or sclera, and suggests the possibilit}^ 
of their representing young specimens of Dicrocoelitmi lanceatum or 
Fasciola hejxitica — possibly specimens which wandered from the 
mother before the child was born, and thus caused the congenital 
cataract. 

Kiichenmeister & Ziirn (1881, pp. 328-329), in reverting to the 
subject, think that the slim}' mass described as surrounding the para- 
sites indicates the foi-mation of a capsule. They further suggest that 
the parasites arose from infection by a redia. 

Womenclature. — Systematically, helminthologists would now place 
this worm in the collective group Agamodistormini. The name ocuU 
huniani is not available as a specific name, since the cojiibination D!)<- 
toma ocidi hunHini is not binomial. The correct technical name for 
this problematic worm is, therefore, Agamodistomum ophthahnobium . 

SUMMARY. 

Although the zoological data concerning these two Avorms are far 
from complete, they are sufficiently detailed to demand their accept- 
ance as actual cases of parasitism. There is no reason to assume that 
these parasites are normal inhabitants of the eye. On the contrary, 
everything points to the view that they represent instances of abnor- 
mal positions for parasites which normally inhabit some other part of 
the body, similar to the cases reported of the presence of bladder 
worms ( Cysticercus ceUulosae) in the eye. Zoologi(?ally , it seems highly 
probable that at least the second case {Agatnodidomiim) represents 
one of the liver flukes found in man and various domesticated animals, 
and the cases here reviewed indicate that we may expect to find other 
similar cases in both man and the domesticated animals. 

Regarding their pathogenic nature, a doubt can scarcely arise, and a 
comparison with similar cases of parasitism by trematodes in the eyes 

^" Corp^is ovato lanceolatum depressum, variabile. Colhnn breve subcylindricura. 
Os terminale orbiculare. Acetabulum ore J majus subcentrale apertura circular!. 
Longit., W^^'; latit., k''\" 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 35 

of certain tish, a.s reported by von Nordniiimi, fully supports the view 
that such parasites may occasionally cause diseased conditions in the 

eye. 

BihUogmpky.—ThQ general works referred to in this article may be 
recoonized from the authors' names and dates; in case of doubt, consult 
the Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon GeneraFs Library, or the card 
catalogue of the Zoological Lal)oratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, 
which is now being prepared for press as "Index-Catalogue of Medical 
and Veterinary Zoology.'' The titles of the articles in which the 
original observations were published are: 

AiMMON, F. A. 

1^33.— Die ungebome Cataracta in pathologisch-anatomischer, in pathogenet- 
ischer und operativer Ilinsicht <Ztschr. f. d. ()i)htli., Dresden, v. 3 (1), pp. 
70-99. 

1838. — Klinische Darstellungen der Krankheiten und Bildungsfehler des men- 
schlichen Aiiges der Angenlider und der Thrilnenwerkzeuge nach eigenen 
Beobachtungen und Untersuchungen. 1. Theil. viii + 69 pp., 23 pis. fol. 
Berlin. 

1841.— Idem. 3. Theil. viii + 90 pp., 20 pi?, fol. Berlin. 
Gescheidt. 

1833.— Die Entozoen des Auges < Ztschr. f. d. Ophth., Dresden, v. 3 (4), pp. 
405-462. 

VON NORDMANN, ALEXANDER. 

1832.— Mikrographische Beitnige zur Naturgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere. 
2. Heft, xviii + 150 pp., 10 pis. 4°. Berlin. 



A CASE OF VINEGAR EEL (ANOUILLULA ACETI) INFECTION IN THE 

HUMAN BLADDER. 

By Cn. Wardell Stiles, Pn. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, 



W. AsHBY Frankland, M. D. 
[Plate IV, figures 6-13.] 

In November, 1900, one of us was called to attend a young married 
woman professionall3% During an examination of the urine, some 
minute worms were found which proved to be rhabditiform embiTOs. 
In order to exclude all possibility of accidental infection of the urine 
from external sources, a specimen was then taken with the catheter. 
In this sample numerous worms of all stages were found, and these 
were eventually determined as Anguillula acetl. 

This species is the ordinary vinegarworm. It belongs to the nema- 
todes, family Anguillulida.% which appears to have been established by 
Gervais & van Beneden in 1855). The most complete diagnosis of it 
yet written appeared in Bastian's important essay, published in 1866, 
and reads as follows: 



36 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

Family Anguillulid.e Gervais & van Beneden. 

Family diagnosis. — Nematoda: "Free nematoidH. — Body cylindrical, tapering 
more or less at either extremity. Integument transparent, striated, or plain; naked, 
or provided with papillae or setae; traversed by capillary pores; shed and renewed at 
intervals. Caudal sucker mostly present. Glandular system well developed; often 
single excretory organ in anterior jjart of ventral region. Lateral lines existing as 
cellular canals communicating with the exterior, with or without a central channel; 
in others replaced by distinct vessels. Median lines indistinct. Nervous system, 
none. Ocelli, when present, aggregations of reddish pigment on anterior part of 
esophagus, with or without transparent lens-like bodies. Generative organs: Female, 
composed of double symmetrical uteri and short reflexed ovarian tubes, with vagina 
near center of body; vagina occasionally more posterior, with posterior uterine seg- 
ment and ovary undeveloped; ova few, large; male, consisting of an almost simple 
seminal tube, and two equal horny spicules, either alone or with one or more acces- 
sory pieces." 

Zoologists recognized a number of genera as belonging to the 
Anguillulida?. The type genus (to which the species here considered 
belongs) is characterized ])y Bastian as follows: 

Anguillula Ehrenberg ( VU>rio Muller; Aacarh (toeze; Wtahditiff Dujarpin). 

Generic diagnosis. — AnguUhdldx: " Body long, narrow and tapering at extremi- 
ties. Caudal sucker absent. Integument thin, presenting neither transverse nor longi- 
tudinal markings; set;e, none (?); papilla^, none (?) [present — C. W. S.]. Pharyngeal 
cavity very minute. Esophagus cylindrical, with rounded swelling posteriorly con- 
taining a simple horny valvular apparatus. Intestine sparingly covered with large 
colorless granules, presenting no appearance of tessellation; distinct cells not recog- 
nizable. Vulva posterior to the middle of body. Uterus unsymmetrical. Oviparous 
or viviparous. Spicules long, narrow, curved. Accessory piece single, posterior, 
somewhat fan-shaped. Ventral gland wanting. Floating gland cells abundant. 
Lateral canals not recognizable. Movements active." 

As specific description of the worm now under consideration, Bas- 
tian gives the following characters: 

Anguillula aceti. 

Specific diagnosis. — AnguUhda: "Female (size very variable); length, one-thir- 
teenth inch; breadth, one five-hundred-and-fifty-lifth inch. External characters: 
Body white; much obscured by colorless granules within integument; long and nar- 
row, tapering very much posteriorly, and terminating in a long pointed extremity. 
Head rounded; unarmed. Integument thin, showing no stria^. Pharyngeal cavity 
very minute; cup-shaped. Esophagus one-ninth of total length, having a rounded 
swelling at termination containing valvular apparatus. Intestine covered with 
coarse, colorless granules; no sort of tessellation. Anus one-eightieth iuv-h from pos- 
terior extremity. Vulva somewhat posterior to middle of body. Uterus unsymmet- 
rical. Small floating gland cells numerous in cavity of body. 

"Male: Length, one twenty-first inch; breadth, one eight-hundred-and-fiftieth 
inch. Esophagus one-seventh of total length. Anus one one-hundred-and-thirty- 
third inch from posterior extremity. Spicules narrow, having a double curve one 
seven-hundred-and-fourteenth inch long. Accessory piece about one-third as long 
as spicules; rather thick externally, but expanding inwards into a thinner fan-shaped 
portion." 



Explanation of Plate TV. 

Fig. 6. Lateral view of male specimen of the vinegar eel [Anguillula aceti) from the 
human bladder. Greatly enlarged. Original. 

Fig. 7. Caudal portion of same species: i, intestine; /, testicle; sp, spicule; a. p., 
accessory piece. Greatly enlarged. Original. 

Fig. 8. Ventral view of cloacal opening of same, showing partially extruded spicules. 
Greatly enlarged. Original. 

Fig. 9. Outline lateral view of partially extruded spicules. Greatly enlarged. 
Original. 

Fig. 10. Gravid female vinegar eel from the human bladder. Embryos and eggs 
are present only in the anterior horn of the uterus. Greatly enlarged. _ Original. 

Fig. 11. Young embryos of same. Greatly enlarged. Original. 

Figs. 12, 13. Somewhat older embryos. Greatly enlarged. Original. The esopha- 
gus is evident in both specimens, and fig. 13 shows in addition a trace of the rectum. 



BULLETIN NO. 35, B. A. I. 



Plate IV. 




Haines, del. 



A HoenaCo..Lithocauslic 



VINEGAR EEL lANGUILLULA ACETI ) 



ELEVEN MISOELLANEOTTfi PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 87 

We have quoted the al)<)v<\ as representing^ the work of a standard 
author who has studied not only this, but also allied forms. Many of 
the published references to tliis worm are exceedingly indetinite, the 
characters quoted being too general and the figures too inexact to l)e 
satisfactory. Still, while the possibility that the forms reported from 
vinegar represent more than one species is by no means excluded, no 
facts at present accessible seem to compel the recognition of any species 
except Angt/illida aceti."' 

The worms observed in our case agree essentially with the charac- 
ters noted by Bastian, and we have obtained also worms from vinegar 
here in Washington which we are unable to distinguish morphologic- 
all}^ with certainty from the nematodes taken from the bladder of the 
patient. 

The structure of the parasites may easily be seen from figures 6 to 18 
accompanying this paper. 

The males are constantly somewhat smaller than the females. No 
transverse striation could be discovered on the cuticle. Both sexes 
agree in having an elongated body of nearly uniform diameter tapering 
but slightly toward the mouth, while the tail is gradually attenuated 
from the anus caudad. its end being drawn out into a sharp point. 

The intestinal trac^t presents the characteristics of the family, being- 
divided into an esophagus, a stomach intestine, and a rectum. The 
esophagus presents three distinct divisions — (1) an anterior elongated 
portion Avhich is quite thick, (2) 'followed by a shorter middle portion 
of smaller diameter, and (3) a so-called esophageal bulb provided with 
a tridentate armature which is characteristic of the rhabditiform 
worms. 

The stomach intestine is a simple tubular structure extending from 
the posterior portion of the esophageal bulb to the anterior end of the 
rectum. It possesses a distinct lumen, and during life its tissue is so 
crowded with minute globules as to interfere materially with a careful 
study of details. 

The rectum is short and narrow, extending from the posterior end of 
the stomach intestine to the anus, which is situated in the posterior 
portion of the body. 

In the female the rectum is simple. In the male it receives the 
products of the testicle, thus forming a genital cloaca, while near the 
anus it also receives the spicules. 

Males. — The males are usually about 1.85 to 1.1-5 mm. long hy 24 
to 28 /fin diameter. Taking a specimen which measured l.Ol: mm. 
from mouth to anus as basis, the following measurements may ))e 
noted: Distance from anterior extremity to the teeth of the esophageal 
bulb, 132 yu; anterior portion of esophagus, 104 /^ long by 12 >u in 

*We use this name in its ordinarily accepted sense, without having consulted the 
entire literature to see whether the name is valid under the International Code. 



38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

diameter; middle portion of the esophagus, 12 to 15 ^ long by scarcely 
8// in diameter; esophageal bull), 16 to lS/< long by IS// in diameter; 
dorsoyentral diameter about middle of the worm, 2-1: yw; at cloaca, 
20/<; length of filiform portion of the tail, about 80 yw. The spicules 
are two in numljer, 38 /< long, similar in structure and form, with 
decided dorsal conyexity and yentral concayity; the base is rather 
prominent, and measures about 10 /^ dorsoyentrally. An accessory 
chitinous piece is present, somewhat caudad of the spicules. Three 
distinct caudal papilla^ are clearly yisible. One of these is postanal 
and two are preanal. No copulatory bursa is present. A single 
testicle is present, extending anteriorly beyond the middle of the 
body. 

Some slight yariation was noticed in different specimens. Thus, in 
a specimen 1.30 nmi. long, the esophagus measured 192 //; the spicules 
were 30/^ long, with a l)ase of 8yu; the anus was 160 yu from the tip 
of the tail. In another specimen, 1.-14 mm. long, the esophagus meas- 
ured 196 yu long; spicules, 36 yw long, with a base of 8yu; anus, 16-1 yw 
from tip of tail. Some yariation was also noticed in the position and 
numlier of the caudal papillaj; while most specimens exhibited only 
three as described aboye, seyeral males were found with four, and in 
one or two instances with fiye. It does not seem im^jossible to us that 
the normal number is greater than three, but that one or more are 
oyerlooked eyen upon a very careful examination. 

Females. — Females were found measuring from 1 to 2.4 mm. in 
length. In a female measuring 1.74 mm. in length, the diameter of 
the body was 40 /<, the buccal cayity 8 yw long, the esophagus 200 yw 
long, the anus 244 f-i from the tip of the tail. In a specimen 1.6 nnii. 
long the esophagus was 200 yw long, yulya 712 yw from the mouth, anus 
240 // from tip of tail. In a specimen 1 mm. long, in which no embryos 
were deyeloped, the esophagus measured 180 yw long, the anterior 
portion measuring 112 yu, the middle portion 48 y", the esophageal bulb 
20 yw in length. The dorsoyentral diameter of the body in the middle 
was 20 yM, at the anus 18 yw. The rectum was yery distinct, 32 yw long; 
the anus 160 /< from the tip of the tail. The largest specimen found 
was 2.4 mm. long l>y 72 yw in diameter. It contained embryos meas- 
uring 222 yu long by 12 yw in diameter. The yagina was a narrow 
tube 21 yw long, running at right angles to the exterior, and about 
1.5 yw broad. 

Fig. 10 shows a grayid female. It will be noticed that the vulva 
is slightly caudad of the equator of the body, and that the vagina 
branches into a bicorned uterus. The anterior horn of the uterus 
extends forward nearly to the esophagus, then curves and runs cau- 
dad a short distance. The posterior horn of the uterus extends 
caudad nearly to the anus, then curves and runs cephalad toward 
the vulva. As a rule, comparatively' few eggs are found at any one 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 89 

time in a g-iven spocinuMi. 'rhoy may be in different stages of develop- 
ment, the eml)ry() forming in the uterus. In some cases embryos are 
found in both uteri; in other cases they are eonlined to one horn of 
the uterus. 

Biology of the /»«7v^w/!,".s.— In five samples of urine taken the para- 
sites were found in great numbers. The urine was always ymy 
acid, and in some samples which slowh' became alkalim^ the worms 
died about the same time with the change in redaction of the urine. 
One of the samples of urine had a decided odor like that of vinegar, 
and in this specimen the parasites lived for two months, at the end of 
which time signs of life were very feeble, though the urine was still 
acid. Six of the worms were then remoyed from the urine and placed 
in two test tubes containing vinegar free from parasites. Their moye- 
ments quickened in a fe\^ hours, and, from seeming almost dead, they 
became in a day or two as yigorous as ever. In one month they 
increased greatly b}' breeding, and within two months after their 
transfer from urine to vinegar there were enough of them in one of 
the tubes to make the tluid appear turbid. 

Parasites in three diluted specimens of urine, one of which was 
allowed to remain acid, and two rendered neutral and slightly alka- 
line, respectively, with caustic soda, liyed but a short time; those in 
the fluid of acid reaction living 10 days and in the others only half so 
long. 

Apparently there was some substance in the urine and the vinegar 
which sustained life in these creatures. It is stated b}' several authors 
that certain albuminous matter in poorly prepared vinegar constitutes 
their food; and this would lead to the supposition that albumen was 
present in the urine. 

Medical a^peeti<of tlie Infrctlon. — The patient had chronic parenchy- 
matous nephritis of a degenerative type, and the urine had frequentlj^ 
contained albumen. The parasites were present in the bladder for a 
period of thirty-three days after they were first observed, and during 
this time tests with heat and nitric acid failed to indicate the presence 
of any albumen, No symptoms traceable to the infection by the para- 
sites occurred. There were severe headache and marked constipation 
during the time of their presence, but these conditions were of quite 
usual occurrence, and were not supposed to be caused by the worms, 
which disappeared from the urine without any specific treatment. 

Source of infection. — Efforts to explain the occurrence of the vinegar 
worm in the bladder were not altogether successful. It seems scarcely 
reasonable, and entirely without analogy, to assume that vinegar eels 
upon being swallowed ly a person would l)ore through the intestinal 
wall and finally reach the bladder. It seems nmch more reasonable to 
assume that they entered through the urethra. Our first thought was 
that the patient had used yaginal douches acidulated with vinegar, ))ut 



40 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

this she denied. While she was not entirely free from h3^sterical 
tendencies, no grounds are present for assuming- that she introduced 
the parasites for the purpose of m^'stifying her physician. 

That vaginal douches, acidulated with vinegar, are occasionally used 
to prevent conception is well known. A moment's consideration will 
show that such douches might lead a physician into error in diagnosis, 
since young vinegar eels, if present, mig-ht easily be mistaken for 
other parasites. On this account a condensed key to the worms 
reported for the urine and the vagina mav he of interest: 

KEY TO CLINICAL PIAGNOSIS OF WORMS IN THE URINE AND IN THE VAGINA. 

1. Eggs present 2 

Embryos present 3 

Adults present 6 

Egeja. 

2. Eggshell thick, ellipsoid, 64 to 68 // by 40 to 49 //, with mosaic structure; embryo 

not developed; indicates infection of kidney Dioctophyine renale. 

Eggshell ovoid, 135 to 160 // by 55 to 66 //, without mosaic structure, usually 
with sharp spine; contains ciliated embryo; indicates infection of blood ves- 
sels with trematodes (Egyptian hematuria, bilharziosis) 

Schistosoma hxmatobmm. 

Eggshell thin, oblong, 50 to 54 // by 20 to 27 //, contains elongate worm; 
indicates infection of rectum with pin worms; not found in urine of male 
patients Oxyuris rermicularis. 

Embryos. 

3. Embryo ciliated (bilharziosis) Schistosoma h,'nnato1>ium. 

Embryo not ciliated, elongate 4 

4. Esophagus distinct, with posterior l>ulb armed with chitinous teeth (rhabditi- 

form embryos) 5 

Esophagus not very distinct, no posterior bull); same embryos also found in 
the blood, 270 to 300 jn long '^ Filaria sanguinis ]iominis." 

5. Embryo 140 // long; adults 3 to 12 mm. long in rectum Oxyuris vermicularis. 

Adults in urine, but not in rectum 9 

Larva' and adults. 

6. Elongate and fiat; tapeworm larva Sparganum Mansoni. 

Body round 7 

7. Body large, may attain 40 to 100 cm. in length; usually red in c(^lor 

Dioctophyme renale. 
Body less than 12 mm. long, whitish 8 

8. Body 3 to 12 mm. long; male with single spicule; same parasite found in rectum . 

Oxyuris vermicidaris. 
Body less than 3 mm. long; male with two spicules and accessory piece 9 

9. Male without caudal bursa Anguillula aceti. 

Male with caudal bursa Rhahditis pellio. 



Explanation of Plate V. 

Fig. 14." Full-grown male of Sirougi/lus snbtUia: h., bursa with asyinmetrically 
arranged rays; c. g., cervical glands; c, cloacal opening; e. p., excretory pore; i., intes- 
tine; n. s., nervous system; e., esophagus; r. gl., esophageal gland; r. to., retractor 
mnscle of the spicules; s}>., spicules; i\ s., vesicula seminalis. (After Looss, 1895, 
fig.l.) 

Fig. 15. Full-grown female of Stroiigijliia subtiUs: a., anus; c. g., cervical glands; 
e. p., excretory pore; i., intestine; ii. s., nervous system; e., esophagus; e. gl., esopha- 
geal gland; ov. a., anterior ovary; oc. ]>., posterior ovary; ?■. s., recei^taculum seminis; 
u. a., anterior uterus; a. p., posterior uterus; va., vagina; vu., vulva. (After Lc"<ss, 
1895, fig. 2. ) ■ ' 

Fig. 16. Anterior end of female, sliowing the inipilbe-like structure on the anterior 
extremity: e., esopliagus; c. gl., the esopliageal gland, with its opening (o. e. gl.) into 
the funnel-shaped buccal cavity. (After Looss, 1895, fig. 3. ) 

Fig. 17. Spicules of the male with trowel-shaped accessory piece. (After Looss, 
1895, fig. 4.) 

Fig. 18. Transverse portion of a male slightly posterior of excretory pore: c, 
common excretory canal; c. g., ce"^'ical glands; cu., cuticle; d. I., dorsal line; e., 
esophagus, with its three-starred lui^ 3n; e. gl., esophageal gland, in the wall of the 
esophagus; I. I., lateral lines; m., muscular layer; v. I., ventral line. (After Looss, 
1895, fig. 5. ) 

Fig. 19. Transverse section through the middle portion of the esophagus. Letter- 
ing the same as in fig. 18. Note that the radiate structure of the esophageal wall 
agrees with fig. 18. (After Looss, 1895, fig. 6.) 

Fig. 20. Transverse section through the posterior portion of the esophagus. Letter- 
ing the same as in fig. 18. Note that the radiate structure of the esophageal wall is 
replaced by six large cells. (After Looss, 1895, fig. 7. ) 

Fig. 21. Transverse section through proximal portion of distal part of vagina, 
showing the peculiar muscular layer, cell layer with peculiar lumen, comjiressed 
intestine, and oviduct. (After Looss, 1895, fig. 8.) 

"In figures 14 and 15 the diameter is purposely drawn out of proportion to the 
length, so as to bring out the organs clearly. All the figures are greatly enlarged. 



Bulletin no. 35. b. a. 



Plate v. 




AHoen&Co.L.lhocausi.c 



FULL-GHOWN MALE ANO FEMALE STRONGVLUS SUBT.L, 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 41 

AN EGYPTIAN AND JAPANESE STRONGYLE (STROXGYLUS SUB- 
TILIS) WHICH MAY POSSIBLY OCCUR IN RETURNING AMERICAN- 
TROOPS. 

By Ch. Wardell StiltS, Ph. D., 

Patholo(;ist of Bureau of Animal Industry 
[Plate V, figures 14-21.] 

Among the parasites not known at present for North America, 
which must be considered in connection with the return of American 
troops from the East, should be mentioned a very small strongyle 
found in the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. This 
nematode was first discovered in Japan by Ogata, then in Egypt, by 
Looss. and was referred to later by Ijima from Japan. The presence 
of the worm in those two countries, so widely separated geographie- 
allv, would seem to indicate an extensive geographical distribution for 
the species. 

The para.site in question is a roundworm belonging to the family 
Strongylida?. and is usually placed in the genus Strongylus. This 
genus contains rather a heterogeneous assemblage of worms which will 
later undoubtedly be divided into several genera, and a general system- 
atic revision of the family Strongylidiv will eventually result in cer- 
tain important changes in the technical names. For the piu'pose of 
this article the generally adopted nomenclature will be followed. 

Gexvs Strongylcs. 

Generic diagxosis. — Strongyliil*: Body slender; anterior extremity oc-casionally 
with ala?. Month small, without teeth, lips soft, often indistinct, j>apilUv very small. 
Bursa (male) entire, or exciseil ventrally. in some cases bi-, tri-, or multi-lobed: spic- 
ules 2, often with accessory piece. Vulva usually in caudal half of body; uterus 

with two horns. 

Stroxgylus scbtilis * Looss, lS9o. 

Specific diagnosis. — Strongylus: Very small. 4 to 7 mm. long; cuticle with exceed- 
ingly tine transverse striation; oral papilhe exceedingly small and inconspicuous; 
longitudinal lines well developed: lateral lines more prominent than the median. 
Buccal cavity short, funnel-shaped; esophagus (0.75 mm. by 7 to 30 u) nearly one- 
sixth as long as body, differentiateil histologically into anterior and posterior por- 
tions, and containing well-developeil dorsal esophiigeal gland which discharges at its 
anterior extremity ; intestine short, 13 ii in diameter. Nervous system about 0.16 mm. 
from anterior extremity. Excretory pore about 0.19 mm. from anterior extremity; 
cervical glands well developed, one extending posterior of the other and for nearly 
the length of the esophagus jx^sterior of this org-an. 

Malt'. — Four to 5 mm. long, increasing in diameter from 9 // at anterior end to 70 u 
near the bursa. Testicle single, l>eginning near the posterior eml of cervical glimd; 



•Synonymy and Bibuography. 

(1889): Strongi/lus [sp.] Ogata, 1889, No. 578. [After Ijima.] 

1895; Strongyhift mbtilis Looss, 1895, pp. 161-169, pi. 1, figs. 1-8. — Idem, 18,-)6, pp. 
864-865. — Iji.ma, 1896, pp. 155-159. — R. Blanchard, 1895, p. 810. — Delafield 
& Pkiudex, 1897, p. 137.— Stossich, 1899, p. 79.— Stiles, 1902, pp. 41-42, 
fiffs. 14-21. 



42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

vesicula seminalis present; spicules 0.15 mm. long; accessory piece trowel-shaped, 
single, about one-third as long as spicule; bursa bilobed, about as long as spicules, 
somewhat broader than long, with narrow ventral connection; rays asymmetrical, 
dorsomedian stem with short bilobed posterior rays; then 1 dorsolateral ray on 
right, 2 on left; 3 lateral rays each side; finally, 1 (ventral) right and 2 left short 
ventral rays. 

Female. — 5.6 to 7 mm. long, increasing in diameter from 10 j^i at head to 90 // in 
posterior third of body. Anus 97 /< from tip of sharply pointed tail. Vulva about aj 
beginning of posterior fifth of body, a 40 /< longitudinal opening bounded hy two 
chitinous labia; unpaired vagina short, dividing into two proximal horns, each 0.3 mm. 
long; next follows on each horn a complicated valvular apjjaratus divided into £ 
proximal 0.2 mm. long muscular portion and a 0.1 mm. long distal portion with 
thinner muscular layer; uteri 0.33 to 0.4 mm. long, each containing 3 to 6 unseg- 
mented (in camels 7 to 8 unsegmented or partially segmented) eggs; the distal por- 
tion serving as a receptaculum seminis; anterior genital canal extends to near posterioi 
end of cervical glands, then turns and runs a short distance caudad; posterior genita' 
canal runs to near anus, turns and extends to near the equator of the body. 

Eggs. — Oval, 63 by 41 ^ (in camels 70 by 36 //), shell thin, contents very granular, 
unsegmented in uterus (in camel they may l)e partially segmented). 

Derelopment. — Not demonstrated; i)robably direct, without intermediate host; sourct 
of infection, probably drinking water or contaminated food. 

Habitat. — Stomach and upper portion of small intestine of man {Homo sapiens) ir 
Egypt and Japan; intestine of camels {Camehis dromedarius) . 

Clinical diagnosis. — Microscopic examination of feces to find eggj 
will be uncertain, unless the infection is very heavy. The medical 
importance of this species is not yet determined; the parasite i> 
perhaps comparatively harmless. All cases thus far reported were 
diagnosed post-mortem. 

Treatment. — Probably thjnnol. 

Looss found this worm several times in both Alexandria and Cairo. 
Egypt, while making microscopic examinations of the intestinal con- 
tent of human cadavers. All of the infected bodies were of inhabitant;! 
of the fiat lands. The infections were all light, and it was noticed 
that the male parasites were less frequent than the females. Loost 
concluded that owing to the small size of the worm, its unarmed 
mouth, and the fewness of the individuals, a pathologic role could 
hardly be attributed to it. Later (1896) Looss reported the same 
parasite for the camel. 

An article by Ijima would seem to leave the question open as tc 
whether the worm is of any medical importance. Ogata had found 
about two hundred small nematodes in the stomach of a woman whc 
died during the ''Miura plague" of 1889. These he described briefly 
in the Xokoyo-medicinische Wochenschrift; they were identical witb 
Looss's Strongylus suhtilis. There is no attempt to consider the 
worms as the cause of the Miura epidemic, but Ijima righth^ remark;; 
that the presence of a large number of such parasites can not be 
lightl}'^ dismissed as harmless. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 48 

AN ADILT CESTODE (DlPLCUiONOPORlS (4RANI)IS) OF MAN WHICH 
MAY POSSIBLY OCCUR IN RETURNING} AMERICAN TROOPS. 

By Ch. Wahdell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, 

AND 

Louise Tayler, M. S., 

Assistaiit, Bureau of Animal Lului^try. 

[Figures 22-28.] 

Upon sevenil occasions one of us has called attention to the fact 
that our troops, upon returning- to this country from their Asiatic 
service, may bring hack with them certain animal parasites which are 
not familiar to American practitioners. The object of the present 
paper is to call attention to an adult Asiatic tapeworm, which is 
very different from the American forms. Described in a few 
words, it belongs to the family Bothriocephalida?, subfamil}^ Dibo- 
thriocephalintv, and is similar to Dihotliriocephalus latus^ the broad 
Russian tapeworm (usuall}' known as Botlvrlocephahis latim)^ differing, 
however, from that form in that every segment has a double instead of 
a single set of genital organs. 

The generic and specific diagnoses and synonymy of this parasite are 

as follows: 

Genus Diplogonoporus " (Lonnberg, 1892). 

Generic diagnosis. — -Dibothriocephaliupe: Scolex short, with two strong, grooved 
suckers. Neck absent. Proglottids short and broad. In each segment two sets of 
genital organs, otherwise like Dibothrioceplialus. In each segment may be recognized 
the following: Median field, two uterine fields, and two lateral fields. Genital pores 
(cirrus, vaginal, uterine) ventral in longitudinal row in uterine field; vitellogene 
glands and testicles in lateral and median lields. A'ltellogene follicles between inner 
and outer longitudinal muscles. Uterus forms rosette. Parasites in man and whales. 

Type species. — Diplogonoporus balxnoptera; Liinnberg, 1892. 

"Synonymy and Bibliography. 

1892: Bothriocephalus [Diplogonoporus) Lonnberg, 1892,'' pp. 8, 4 [type, Diplo- 

gonoporus halprnoptcrw Lonnberg, 1892, pp. 4-16, pi. 1, figs. 1-6, 8-9]. 
1894: Krabbea Blanch ard, 1894, pp. 699-702 [type, Krabbea grandis Blanchard, 

1894, pp. 699-702].— Idem, 1895, p. 708.— Idem, 1898, pp. 350, 351.— Stiles, 

1895, p. 53.— Idem, 1896a, p. 24.— Idem, 1896b, p.205.— Jacobi, 1897,p.288.— 
K^OLODKOvsKI, 1898, pp. 19, 22. [See also Ariola, 1900, pp. 377, 378, 
383.— LtJHE, 1899, pp. 49, 50.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1669, 1690.— Ward, 1901, 
p. 793.] 

1897: Diplogonoporus (Lonnberg) Jacobi, 1897, p. 288. — LirnE, 1899, pp.49, 50, 54. — 
Idem, 1900, pp. 210, 212.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1683, 1690.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 
377, 378, 380, 381, 383.— Kurimoto, 1900, p. 14.— Ward, 1901, pp. 783, 793. 

*• These short bibliographic references are to articles, the full bibliographic titles of 
which may be found by consulting the Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's 
Library or the card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratory of the Bureau of Animal 
Industry, now being prepared for press. 

14459— No. 35—02 4 



44 



BFlfiEAr OF A^flMAL I2fDrSTRY. 



The I>ocblk4«C£d A<ca^ 



1<S^ LfHE. ISSft. 




Fte -2f:— T 



^«cxFic TOAGSOss. — DipkifKmitipen»: >'• "Ains 10 merer* in ksgtfa, 10 to 

^ Ham, in bacaddi; mEmber ol acgiu entg lades^pr'N*^. . Ve^k r.T>^e;?rr"^i. 

Gesital pores open in tvo kmshoclizuQ sKfiiuu gtx:>i:<v<e& • - - ■ i 

in alecibcl to 0.-6 mm. lo^. 14 to 16 wan. broad. r'rern> ^ 

loc^ eacii fide. I^SS btv-twotftt, ruber oftaqoe. @ m kns. 4S to o(i u taxxad. 

HojT. — In ii»e intestine ot man, Japan: larva imknovn. in all j«v"»hability in fi^ 

Tlds parasite w^au? originaJly described hy Ijima and Kurimoto (IS^) 
as an undetermined species ot B- ' ?/•/*,• 

Blanchard (IS^l created the genus ^V - • for it, 
propoanof the specilk- name j7r»7i»</»js.- Lohe (lSi*9) 
showed it to be congeneric with I^iplfiQonopcrv^ 
Iii7a<e^itof4-era-(\ a form rieported 
for seals. 

Our entire medical knowledge 
of the worm we owe to Ijima 
and Kurimoto. Together they 
desscribed. in lSs*4, the first- 
known case of infei-tion with 
this parasite. A second case was 
described by Kurimoto in li*(*>. 
^- The statemeuts made by other 

authors are all based upon these two papers. The 
essential JsocdogicaLl £act^ presented in these articles. °^ ~ 
so far as they are necessary to the physician, are summarized in the 
diagiftoses given abore. As the publications in question are accessible 
to only a few of the physicians in this ccmntry. it 
may be well to quote the more important original 
data bearing upon the medical ?ide of the subject. 
The clinical histories reported for the two known 
cas)e^ are as follows: 

HUtoy- '^Tuxiap MmaaXo. male. Kvn ISSo, at Taiia-mnra (a \illa^ oo 
til -^^^ near tibe tovn of Shimabara >. in the prcivince HIksl. In boyhood 

h^^ ixrrer miBBcalar. Bemamed in his native viQase until 1$79. when he 

w€Si ic» 2>asasBkL Heae aatadred by citoienu but reeovej^l- Up to IJ^iC? readied in 
several j«la<-e= in ihe neishbothood d ^Xa^ssaki and other seaadt li;<alines within 



: -orTT oe & 



r-.sr 
-- Ties- 




n-::. 35_Ve^ 






'ST3S05fT»T Ay^ ElBlJOGBAPHT. 

imi-. Ba&riooifl>alinf sp. ImtA A: KrBnft.T.:.- isW. j.p. o71-385, ^ IS. figs. 1-12. 

1«*4: Xra^bea yrtM^ Bla^cchaei.. I^&L pp. «»t«-7fe. — Idem. 1S«. p. 72s.— Idem. 
1P©8l p. SO. — >Tn.T?^ lS^«6a. p. 25. — Ii>em. ISStfib. p. 221.— Smsi A: Has^aix, 
1S9^ pjL S5. 137. — Hrsi^ 1*««6L pf. -5:61-562. — Moxnz. 1*5*6, pp. 255. 274- 
276l — SDiox, 1S&7, pf^ 209. 222. — Ii>em. 1900, j-p. 217. 229. — KhoijODKotskj, 
1896, ft 22, pL 10, figs. 1-4. — KxTKOtoTO. 1899, p. ^*6. [See aiao KrEiMoio, 
1900, ic 14.— LcHE, 1899, p. 5a] 

1899: Itifioponoporuf praiatfo i Blanehard. 1894 ) LfH£. 1899, p. 50. — ^Ii^ai. 1900, {.. 
21L — Aeola. 1900, p^ 385— >*ii6. — Kcbtmoto, 1900, pp. 1-ld, pis. 1-2. — Waei>. 
190L, pfu 783. 793, figs. 1244-1245. 



FXEVK3^ XBCZLL-MrZOCS P^WBS Olf A5TW%r> PAEA-^ITES. 45 



the r ^ iwii i ee Waea. - u . vit^ p^ -f •r'rTrf; h^^ <«»«trR!» n- ha»« ae«er travMerf. Cailine: 



moKS, wbenfr b« h. 

fioit in ^^y^emher 

he^n CO ao&r Oi.>^^' .^. . 

beyoni pttfliaringthe iaoer. 

s pieee o€ t:!^>»^ 

Band to luKc- 

aolMBfined Co mfciit-ju :r-ri>r"' i- 



'^ aenled at TaJrarfinma <;nai 
_- 7<!ar, Sooke ft«e?«»» previoiB' oo cfas pekwl he 
♦t!-! •ipoTnHierL I . 

"~ ■ AXMQC Ul.i^ -llir- ■ ir-iij '11. 

loovdai b^»e meBtniied ^Hi 



-t * * 




F:<r. ^. — "< •ionai. view ot » p»trti*Mi k >iae itBDr.i. 

Mia Ai:.: 



-rrne raro rows -if -fe^nai vass. wtiti 3*r": 



^lfe£nin bocfilv eoiifidnmi~>ii. Badly iu>ar!^ii«L v^asrj. SympiHHiiS'rf 

cvauHBOB. fiKe. Lafylato&fl Dttco in.-^" - ' ^ ~ otiu±rw!i*'Ocnipie*L 

P tifap- veak ami frwio^nr. nmrih gr^- _ewriat act^eieaced. 

Cniies v-L. Tsiiu 

<rf pceaenre on. inoesdnes. —^3 ns 

po^iaa. The asaek oeenrs Mtsx tsUmie modr one aia> ac <]Bier nmes. IiU'Wiig- 





Fssv 26. — V^ozKi view •}£ lacoal halfoc a xw a-gry, 
^ft***" I^jiBK A ITiH himWp. mt. fie. T. 



the ggHf ■ —= r ~ '^"om mrtriilr ha;^ "^ ~ - ~ ' ^ 
in the r* DBwrhBa <: " 

TnabiDT.u. Fpom aixive symfr ci^ "r.-r ;• 
[ — rnemaria #^«i*>»uifi»] was so^eeieiL Mi»rr - 
however. im>-~ reveafed a immlier 

Z>t"ateimait £>'. ■ _ = — 7~7r-— -t^p V«^enB/ 

^pedrre of wbac pun.- -i2|^ misfac iieioae 

crie^L .LI.: -he resale W:- i^Hse oi. a r-jri^-'v r 

ax -Jiiestpc- -Iimetef^ 

ex:r-L„T _.. -riinmk. Oi-o.- _ _.^. ^rraoeti. aa*i. -tj.-.- 



-im. 5«metinie 



'ennie 

=e of 
tre- 

. wae 

■-r.jrb. 



46 



BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



portion as thin as 1.5 millimeters was found, hut no head could he discovered. From 
the following day all the complaints the man had suffered from for so many years 
entirely disappeared." — Ijima & Kurimoto, 1894, Pl^. 372-373. 

Case II. — History: C. A.; 24 years; resident of Nagasaki. He went frequently to 
the vicinity of Minaniitakaki, where the first case had lived, in order to buy eggs. 
In 1890 changed his occupation to hauler and day laborer until 1896. He had never 
been anywhere outside of his native district except in Minaniitakaki; naturally 
healthy, with no history of previous illness; since July, 1895, occasional pain in abdo- 



cu'.o. 



-^ifc'' 




^Tct^ 






Fig. 27.— Partially diagrammatic representation of a left .set of main genital ducts, as seen from the 
ventral side ; cir, cirrus ; dr. o, cirrus opening ; dtg. yolk duct ; or, ovary ; ovd, oviduct ; sb, recept- 
aculum seminis; ut, uterus; ut. o., uterine pore; vag, vagina; vag. o, vaginal opening; vd, vas 
deferens. X 150. After Ijima & Kurimoto, 1894, fig. 10. 



men, transitory diarrhea followed by constipation; morning of January 26, 1896, 
taken with intense cramps and diarrhea; found something suspicious in his stool, 
which he took to his jihysician for examination. 

Symptoms: Body medium, nourishment medium. Body showed no changes, only 
a gurgling sound from time to time in abdomen. Pieces of tapeworm were found in 
the stool, whereupon exlr. filic. mas. was given. Two tapeworms without heads were 
discharged. One of them measured 145 cm. in length and from 3.5 to 7 mm. in width 
(the narrow end caudad). The second measured 140 cm. in length, 0.5 mm. in 
width at anterior end, 8 mm. in width at broadest posterior part. — Abstracted from 
Kurimoto, 1500, p. 5. 

Clinically, it may 1)0, noticed that while the symptoms are varied 
and not especially characteristic, they correspond in a general way to 
those noted in infections with Dihothrioeephalus 
latus, namely, irregular appetite, with occasional 
pains extending from region of stomach to the 
back; intestinal disturbance indicated by diarrhea, 
colic, and constipation; anemia, as is more or less 
common in infection with worms of this family 
(absent from second case probably becQ,use of the 
small size of the parasite); poorly nourished con- 
dition, weakness, inclination to faint. 

Diagnosis should be very easy. If segments 
are found in the stools, they can be easil}^ deter- 
mined by pressing them gently between two pieces of glass, holding 
them up to the light, and looking for the characters mentioned in the 




Fig. 28.— An egg taken from 
the uterus. X 440. After 
Ijima Si, Kurimoto, 1894, 
fig. 9. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 47 

diagnoses given !il)ovo. If no segments arc found, a inicroscopic (>xanii- 
jiation of the focos will foveal nuniorous eggs, since this parasite belongs 
to a group of worms provided with a special uterine pore, through 
which the ova are constantly discharged. These eggs are entirely dif- 
ferent from those of the genus Taenia, l)eing provided with an opercu- 
lum at one end. They may, however, be mistaken for eggs of certain 
other parasites. The forms which come into special consideration are 
Dihothrioeephalux latas (the broad Russian tapeworm), Fasciola hejoatk-a 
(the conmion liver duke), and Paragonimus Wexterjnanii (the lung 
fluke). It will be somewhat difficult to distinguish the eggs (63/^ by -iS 
to .50//) of the Asiatic ta]:)eworm {DlpJo<jonoporus grandl,'^) from those of 
the, broad Russian tapeworm, which measure 68 to 70yw by 44 to 45/^; 
the eggs of Fasciola hepatica are nuich larger, namely, 105 to 14.5/^ by 
63 to 90yu; those of Paragonimus Westennanl! are also larger, 68 to 
118;/ by 48 to 60/<, and are found both in the sputum and feces. 

In connection with the source of infection, suspicion points strongly 
to iish as the intermediate host, though the life history of the parasite 
has not yet been established. 

In treatment, male fern alone has thus far been used, but in neither 
case was the head found. At present nothing indicates that the treat- 
ment for this tapeworm should necessarily difl'er from treatment for 
Taenia. 



A LARVAL CESTODE (SPARGANUM MANSONI) OF MAN WHICH MAY 
POSSIBLY OCCUR IN RETURNING AMERICAN TROOPS. 

By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, 



Louise Tayler, M. S., 

Assistant, Bureau of Ani7nal Industry. 

[Figures 29-36.] 

In a former paper" we have called attention to an adult Asiatic ces- 
tode (tapeworm) which might, perhaps, be introduced into this country 
by the returning troops. In the present article attention is directed 
to a larval cestode which is reported for man in Asia, but which is as 
yet unknown for America. This, also, is one of the parasites which 
may be found in American troops who have served in the East. 

The exact systematic position of" the worm in question is at present 
somewhat uncertain. Cobbold originally placed it in the genus Ligida; 
Leuckart transferred it to Bothriocephahis; Ariola has recently called 
it Dibothrium, which is a synonym of Bothriocephahis. 

*An adult cestode {DijAogonoporux grandia) of man in Asia, which may possibly 
occur in returning American troops. (See above, pp. 43-47.) 



48 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



From our present knowledge of systematic helminthology there 
appears to ])e no doul)t that the parasite belonos in the family Bothri- 
ocephalidte. Of what particular natural genus it is a member is 
purely a matter of speculation, since the genera of this family are 
based largely upon the arrangement of the genitalia, and in the larval 
specimens under consideration no genital organs are as 3'et developed. 
The absence of an}^ indication of such structures in the larval stage 
excludes it from the genus Ligula as at present defined; and to place it 
in Bothr'wcephalus^ as now defined, is to assume that the (at 
present) unrecognized, adult stage will have its genital organs 
arranged similarly to those of Bothriocephalus hlpuncfaius^ 
which lives in certain fishes. Such an assumption is purely 
gratuitous. To call it a Dihothrium is not permissible under 
the present rules of nomenclature. 

Helminthologists have from time to time recog- 
nized, for the sake of convenience, certain agamic 
genera, in which are collected all those forms which 
belong to certain larger groups, such as families, 
but which are not developed to a degree permitting 
a determination of the genus. Thus, agamic dis- 
tomes are placed in the artificial genus Agamodis- 
tomum,' agamic amphistomes in Amphistonmlum^ 
etc. By such an arrangement ac- 
cepted genera are relieved of the 
artificial and often conglomerate 
status which would ])e given to them 
by using them as collective gToups 
in which to place undeterminable 
forms. 

Diesing (1854) proposed the ge- 
neric name Sjparganuvi for a col- 
lective group, of biologic rather 
than systematic value, to contain 
certain larval tapeworms which 
could not be definitely determined, 
thus corresponding to Agaiiiodls- 
tomum and Amphistomulum. Sparganum has not been generally 
accepted b}^ recent authors, but we believe its adoption advisable. The 
parasite now under discussion should be placed in this group. 

Collective Group Sparganum'' Dieting, 1854. 

Generic diagnosis. — Bothriocephalidee: Larval forms; sexual organs absent, so 
that generic determination is impossible. An artificial collective group, without 
type species. 

•'BiHLIOGRAPIIY. 

1854: Spargamun Diesing, 1854, pp. 573-574. — Braun, 1900, p. 1676. 




30 29 31 

Fig. 29. — Sparganum Mansoni. Natural size 
After Cobbold, 1883, fig. a. Fig. 30.— Another 
specimen of .same. Natural size. After 
Leuckart, 1886, p. 942, fig. 402 A. FiG. 31.— Head 
end of same. X 5. After Leuckart, 1886, p- 
950, fig. 405. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 49 

Species SpAiuiANUM Mansoni" (('ohholi), 1882).'' 

Specific diagnosis. — Spnrgnnnm: Length, 8 to .16 cm.; breadtli, 0.1 to 12 mm.; 
thickness, 0.5 to 1.75 mm. Anterior end may be broader than jjosterior. Flat, not 
segmented, but with irregular transverse folds; ventral surface usually with distinct 
longitudinal median groove; dorsal surface may show two longitudinal grooves. 
Anterior margin rounded, with papilliform elevation on which is found the head. 
The latter somewhat compressed and more or less invaginated. 

Habitat. — Subperitoneal connective tissue and body cavity of man {Homo sapiens) 
in Amoy and Japan; Sonsino reports it for the jackals {(Janis aureus), in Egypt. 

The presence of a larval cestode in man must, from a biological 
standpoint, be looked upon either as abnoi-mal and more or less 
accidental or as a survival from savage and prehistoric times, since the 
nor.mal hosts for larvai are animals which serve as food for the hosts 
of the adult stages. If any given larva were dependent upon man as 
intermediate host the parasitic species would soon become extinct, 
since man does not serve as food for any animal, though, of course, 
occasionally eaten by insects, crabs, carnivorous fish, reptiles, birds, 
and mammals. 

The presence of Sparganum .Manso7u' in man appears, accordingly, 
to be biologically abnormal and accidental. The normal host for this 
larva and the normal host for the adult stage are still unknown, but 
it ma}^ be noted with interest that Ijima & Murata (1S88, p. 160) 
report a larval cestode resembling Sparganum Mansoirl from an ape 

"Synonymy and Bibliography. 
1882: Ligula Mansoni Cobbold in Manson, 1882 (Oct. 4), j). 617. — Cobbold, 1883, pp. 

78-83, figs, a-d.— Railliet, 1886, ]). 276. 
1886: Bothriocephalus iCguloides Leuckart, 1886a, pp. 862, 941-951, figs. 402-403, 

405.— Idem (Hoyle, trans.), 1886b, pp. 682, 745-751, figs. 402-104.— Ijima & 

Murata, 1888, pp. 149-162, pi. 5 bis, figs. 1-8.— Ijima, 1889, pp. 246-256, fig. 

28.— DuNGLisoN, 1893, p. 155.— Idem, 1895, p. 155.— Idem, 1900, p. 155.— 
. Mosler & Peiper, 1894, p. 48.— ScHNEiDEMtJHL, 1896, p. 292.— Stiles, 1896, p. 

25.— Wood & Fitz, 1897, p. 324. 
1886: Bothnocephalus Mansoni (C'obbold) R. Blanchard, 1888, pp. 536-538, figs. 293 

a-d.— Idem, 1895, pp. 727-728.— Idem, 1900, p. 486.— Railliet, 1893, pp. 327, 

328.— Braun, 1895, pp. 202-203, fig. 103.— Moniez, 1896, pp. 272-274, figs. 59 

a-d.— Gamble, 1896, pp. 81, 91.— Stiles, 1896, p. 25.— Idem, 1898, p. 85.— 

Hassall, 1898, p. 137.— Kholodkovski, 1898, p. 22, pi. 9, figs. 20-21. 
1896: "Leguli Mansoni Cobbold" of Huber, 1896, pp. 560-561 (misprint for Ligula 

Mansoni). 
1896: "Bothnocephalus leguloides Leuckart" of Huber, 1896, pp. 560-561 (misprint 

for B. liguloides). 
1897: ' ' Bothriocephahis lingidoides Leuck&rt" of Si.mon, 1897, p. 510 (misprint fori?. 

liguloides). 
1900: Dibothrium Mansoni (Cobbold) Ariola, 1900, pp. 458-459, fig. 4.— Ward, 1901, 

pp. 783-793. 
1902: Sparganum Mansoni (Cobbold) Stiles & Taylek, 1902, pp. 47-56, figs. 29-36. 

^ These short bibliographic references are to articles, the full bibliographic titles of 
which may be found by consulting the Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon -General's 
Library or the Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology of the Zoological 
Laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



50 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



(Irnnt.s speciosus) and a martin {MusteltiS itatsi). It is also striking 
that Sonsino (18(S9) reports from the jackal {Ca7ils aureus) in Egypt, a 
specimen which he considers identical with Sjjarganuni Ma/mjtu'in man. 
Whether all of these forms can be recognized as specifically identical 
is, of course, a question, for since we are not able to determine even 
the genus of this larval parasite an absolute specific determination is 
naturall}^ an impossibility. In fact, strictly speaking, we are not 
justified in claiming that it has been scientificallv demonstrated that 





32 33 34 35 

Figs. 32-35. — Four different specimens of Sparganum Mansoni: 32, 33, and 34, natural size; 35, 32, a 
represents outline of cross-section. After Ijima & Murata, 188S, pi. 6 bis, flgs. 1, 3, 4, 5. 

all of the worms from man, published as identical with SjMrganum 
Mansoni^ are in reality members of the same species. In the final 
analysis Sparganum Mansoni simply represents an indefinite collec- 
tion of both riocephalid larvfe found in man, parasites which may 
belong to one or to several species. 

A natural result of our incomplete zoological knowledge of the ces- 
todes in question is that it is impossible to state with certaint}?^ how the 
patients became infected, hence it is impossible to suggest prophylactic 
measures. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 51 

Two possibilities in particular come into consideration: It is theo- 
retically conceivable that the eni))ryoof the parasite is swallowed with 
the drinking water, and that it then l)ores its way to various parts of 
the body. The possibility must also be admitted that the patients had 
eaten raw or rare fish, and that encysted larval parasites present 
therein had then wandered from the intestine to the connective tissue. 
Analogies of such wanderings of parasites are not entirely wanting, 
and it may further be noted that the cases of infection by this par- 
ticular parasite thus far recorded have occurred in a part of the world 
where fish forms an unusually important article of diet. It would 
appear also, as has already been pointed out by other authors, that the 
pa^'asites wander to some extent in the body of man. This is shown, 
for instance, by the cases where the worms escape from the urethra. 

Thus far the 10 recorded cases of infection in man by Sparganum 
Mansoni may be divided as follows: 

Geographically: Amoy, 1; Japan, 9. 

By sex: Males, 7; females, 2; not stated, 1. 

By age: 1 to 10 years, 1 case; 11 to 20 years, 3 cases; 21 to 30 years, 
3 cases; 31 to 40 3 ears, 1 case; 41 to 50 years, 1 case; not stated, 1 case. 
Thus, 6 out of 10 cases occurred between the ages of 11 and 30 years. 

Seat ofwmvn: Region of eye, 3 cases; escaped from urethra, 4 cases; 
connective tissue of abdominal region, 3 cases. [Pleural cavity, 1 case.] 

Number of parasites 2>'f^ent: Single parasite reported, 9 cases; 12 
parasites reported, 1 case. 

The cases in question may be tabulated as follows: 



Case 
No. 



Ill 



V 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 



Age and 
sex. 



34 years, 
male. 



28 years, 
male. 



9 years, 
male. 



IV 25 years, 
male. 



42 years, 
male. 

17 years, 
male. 



15 years, 
female. 



24 years, 
male. 

11 years, 
female. 



Country. 



Amoy .. 

Japan .. 

....do... 

....do... 
....do... 
....do... 



....do. 

....do. 
....do. 
....do. 



Seat of parasite. 



Subp. conn, tiss., near 
iliac fossa and post- 
renal; 1 free in 
pleural cavity. 

Wandered and dis- 
charged from ure- 
thra. 

From urethra 



do 

do 

Region of eye 

do 



Thigh 

Region of eye . . 
Inguinal region 



Num- 
ber of 
para- 
sites. 



Dimensions of 
parasite. 



300 to 350 X 3 X 
0.4 mm. 30 
to 81 mm. 

185 mm. long. . . 



300 X 10 X 1. 75 
mm. 



600x6xl.5mm. 

245 X 1 to 3 

mm. 
364 X 12 mm or 

105 ,\6.5mm. 



Authoritv. 



1 25 X 1.5 to 4 mm. 



1 120 X 3 to 6 mm. 



88x3.6 to 6.5 mm 

25 X 2 mm 

450 mm 



Manson, 1882, pp. 616-617; 
Cobbold, 1883, pp. 78-83. 



Leuckart, 1886a, pp. 941- 

951, tigs. 402-103, 405; 

Leuckart, 1886b, pp. 745- 

751, flgs. 402-404. 
Murata, 1887, No. 181, pp. 

4-10; No. 182, pp. 6-10; 

Ijima & Murata, 1888, 

pp. 150-151, fig. 1. 
Murata, 1887, No. 185, pp. 

4-7; Ijima & Muratji, 

1888, pp. 151-152, fig. 2. 
Toyoda, 1888, No. 2; Ijima 

& Murata, 1888, pp. 153- 
■ 154, fig. 3. 
Murata, 1887, No. 181, pp. 

4-10; No. 182, pp. 6-10; 

Ijima & Murata, 1888, 

p. IM. 
Murata, 1887, No. 185, pp. 

4-7; Ijima & Murata, 

1888, pp. 154-155, flgs. 4, 

6,8. 
Ijima & Murata, 1888, pp. 

1.^15-157, fig. 5. 
Ijima <fe Murata, 1888, p. 

161. 
Ijima & Murata, 1888, p. 

157. 



52 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

CI hi leal (llii<jn<)t<t.s. — Diagnosis ^vill usually l>e made either upon open- 
ing a swelling and finding the worm, or upon postmortem, or upon 
seeing a portion of the worm at the opening of the urethra. Since we 
are dealing with an immature stage, ordinar}^ methods of diagnosis b}'^ 
microscopic examination for ova will be useless. 

Treatment. — From the position of the parasite it is clear that the 
administration of anthelmintics is not indicated. Surgical treatment 
is used in superficial swellings, while in urethral cases the w^orms 
should be extracted while the patient is in a warm bath, the parasite 
being slowly drawn out or wound out around a stick under water. 

HISTORICAL REVIEW, WITH REPORT OF CASES. 

The first record of this parasite was published \>y Manson (1882, pp. 
610-617). It was a "Case of Lymph Scrotum, associated with Filarife 
and other Parasites." Some of the ''other parasites" were those sent 
to Cobbold, who identified them as a new species and called them Ligula 
2f((nsoni. Dr. Manson, who was in Amo}^ at the time, found these 
helminths in a Chinaman. The latter had died of dysentery and ulcer- 
ated stricture of the esophagus, after operation for lympho-elephantoid 
scrotum. Manson described the worms as follows: 

Case I. "A number of parasites, twelve in all. were found lying in the subperitoneal 
fascia, about the iliac fossje, and behind the kidneys. A similar parasite was found 
lying free in the right pleural cavity. Some of these parasites were coiled up in loose 
knots, and others lay extended. On being drawn from under the peritoneum they 
exhibited languid movements like those of the tapeworm. * * * The parasites 
referred to as having been found in the subperitoneal areolar tissue were long, tape-like 
animals, 12 to 14 inches long, one-eighth of an inch ])road, and about one sixty-fourth 
of an inch in thickness. They were dead white, and moved distinctly when taken 
out of the body. The extremities were rather thicker than the rest of the body and 
were rounded off. A hurried glance with the microscope showed one extremity to 
be lipped. I ])laced them in a mixture of serum and urine, intending to examine 
them more carefully in the e\ening of the post-mortem, but was disturbed. Next 
morning I poured spirits of wine over them. To-day I find them so friable that I can 
not make out the structures. There are no joints or articulations. The entire animal 
seems stuffed witli clear, globular, egg-like bodies, in many of which double and treble 
outline, with appearance of nucleus, can be traced. These bodies are apparently held 
together l)y a loose fibrous matrix, which, on pressure, splits up longitudinally or 
ruptures transversely. The integument is very thin. One extremity appears to be 
provided with a narrow longitudinal slit, the other is distinctly lipped." — Manson, 
1S8-2, pp. 616-617. 

An editorial footnote to this article states that Cobbold had proposed 
the name Ligula Mansard for the parasites in cpiestion. 

Cobbold (1883) gave a more detailed description of the worm the 
following year, publishing a specific diagnosis and discussing the pos- 
sible modes of infection. 

The next contribution to our knowledge of this parasite was by 
Leuckart (1881, 1886). The original paper of 1881 is not accessible to 
us, but in 1886 Leuckart gave an account of a case which was observed 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 53 



by Dr. Scheube in Kyoto. Lciickiirt renamed the wonn Bothnot>p]ia- 
his J!(/iiloiff<'< and gave an important zoolofri<"il discussion of it. He 
disagrees with Cobbold in reference to its possible relation to Ligula. 
He is of the opinion that the entire body of the larval parasite will not 
change to an adult in a tinal host, but that the head and adjacent por- 
tion will give rise to the strobila. while the rest of the worm will Ije 
destroyed. The medical history of the ca.se he cites is as follows: 

Ca.se II. ''The patient wa.s a .Japanese, 28 years of age, who had V)een five years 
in pri.-!on, but \va.« formerly for .s^me years a groom in the inland <jf Kiushin, and had 
moved about in the wes't of the main Island. During his residence in Kiushiu, 
he suffered, after a prolonged careless life, from hematuria. He became after- 
wards syphilitic and remained so till his imprisonment. After he had been four 
vears in prison his left testis began to swell and 
l>ecame painful. At the same time a diffu.'^e harden- 
ing of the skin set in on the upper part of the left 
thigh, below the inguinal region, and pains extended 
thence to the left hj-pochomlrium. Afterwards the 
hardening and the pain decrea.sed, and wholly dis- 
appeared after some months, so that the patient, in 
spite of the persisting slight enlargement of the left 
testis, felt absolutely healthy. In the course of a 
year, without apparent occasion, dysuria set in, 
associated with pains in the urethra and bladder. 
The urine itself exhibite<l no striking change. After 
the dysuria had lasted for some days the patient 
observed when making water the projection of a 
white thread-like body, which moved when touched. 
He recognized it as a worm, and attempted] to extri- 
cate it by winding it round a baml>oo nxl. After 
he had drawn out about 18.5 cm. in this fashion the 
worm broke. The pain of urinating was temporarily 
relieverl, but after a short perio<^l retumetl. The urine 
could only l^e expelled in droj>s by strong pressure, 
and with ^-iolent pains, which extended to the upper 
thigh. The urine was slightly cloudy, but on micro- 
scopic examination revealed nothing unusual except 
bl<x»d corpuscles. Whether further portions of the 

worm were expelled is not known, as the patient verj- soon returne»l from the hospital 
to the prison." — Trnndation of Leuckart, lS86a, pp. 943-944. 

Ijima & Murata. in 1888. made an important contribution to this 
subject by publishing eight new cases of infection. Some of these 
had already been reported in Japanese. The clinical notes may be 
abstracted as follows: 

C.\SE III. Observed by Namba, a physician iii tiie provime of Echigo. "The 
patient was a boy, scrofulous and of weak Inxlily constitution. When three years 
old he suffere<I from frequent swelling of the scrotum on the right side, consequent 
on inguinal hernia. This comj)laint ceased, but after the lapse of several years, when 
he was 9 years of age, he began one day (July, 1886) to experience ditficulty in 
urination, which had to l)e done often, ]>ut only drop by drop. Two days passe<l in 
this way, when, while making efforts for the passage of urine, a tapeworm-Uke body 




Fig. 36. — Lon_... ..-,.- -cction of 
anteriorendof fig. 34. X 10. After 
Ijima i Murata. ISN*. pi. 5. fig. 6. 



54 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 

came out of the urethra to the length of about 10 cm. On being drawn it contracted 
and tore off (to what length is not stated). On the following day the patient came 
to Mr. Nanil)a, who put him in warm bath and carefully wound out the worm that 
still hung out of the urethral opening and showed signs of movement. The piece 
thus ol)tained measured over 20 cm. After this the urine passed unobstructedly, 
and an inquiry made many days afterwards showed that the boy had since felt in his 
usual health." — Ijirna & Murata, 1888, p. 150. 

Case IV. Reported at a Kyoto Medical Society meeting by S. Saito. "The patient 
was a man (son of a farmer in Sayama Village, near Kyoto), 25 years of age and 
strong in body. Five years previously (1882) he is said to have suffered from violent 
gonorrhoea, at one period passing blood with urine. In half a year he recovered, 
but some time afterwards the desire for passing urine began to be frequent, some- 
times as much as 15 or 16 times in a day. However, it was only by great efforts 
that he could discharge urine. Besides, he felt now and then itching or jjressing sen- 
sations at the perineum. This state continued until October 14, 1887, when, while 
endeavoring for the passage of urine, a moving worm -protruded itself from the 
urethra. Mr. Ogino, a physician of the village, carefully pulled it out until it tore 
off, leaving a part of the body behind. The piece obtained then measured 2 feet in 
length, about 6 mm. at the broadest and about 1.5 mm. at the narrowest part. For 
two days afterwards the patient felt pain in passing urine, which moreover contained 
blood. The frequent but scanty discharge of urine continued longer. When Saito 
examined him, some time after, the urine was transjiarent and amber-colored, without 
precipitate or other abnormality. We do not know what has since become of the i)iece 
of the worm that was left in the urethra nor of the complaint in urination." — Ijhna 
<fc Murata, 1888, pp. 151-154. 

Case V. Observed by Mr. Toyoda in Kydto. "The patient was a citizen of Osaka, 
42 years old. On the morning of May 8, 1884, he began to discharge Ijlood with 
urine, and in the afternoon a white worm ajjpeared from the urethra while urinating. 
Toyoda was immediately called for. He succeeded in pulling out the entire worm. 
This measured about 364 mm. in length and about 12 nun. in breadth. Put in a 
vessel (with water?) it continued to contract and stretch and move about for nearly 
two hours. It was then put into glycerine for preservation. As the worm was new 
to Toyoda, he tried various means to identify it, but in vain." — Ijlma & Murata, 1888, 
p. 153. 

Case VI. Communicated to Ijima &. Mnrata by R. Sato, of Utsunomiya. The 
patient was a young man, 17 years of age (1883), living at Kanazawa, in the province 
of Kaga. "The affected place was the region of the inner angle of the left eye. At 
this place not only the eyelids but also a part of the conjunctiva around the Plica 
semilunaris was in a state of severe inflammation. At a sjiot just over the Caruncula 
lachrymalis Sato observed a whitish spot which seemed to protrude itself. This was 
taken hold of by a pincette and pulled out, when it proved to be the worm in cjues- 
tion." — Ijima & Murata, 1888, p. 154. 

Case VII. Reported with Case IV at a Ky5to Medical Society meeting by S. Saito. 
"The patient was a girl, 15 years old, living at or near Kyoto. On March 10, 1875, 
a vesicle-like protuberance formed itself, without any assignable cause, on the white 
of the left eye, midway between the cornea and the outer angle. Three days after, 
a physician, Mr. Shingii, examined and found it to be about of the size of the tip of 
little finger, soft and white, somewhat resembling cod ovary in appearance. In two 
hours he observed an elongated, macaroni-like body, which, on being slowly pulled 
i)ut, was found to be a worm." Its length was 120 mm. ; breadth, 3 to 6 mm. — I'llina 
ii- Murata, 1888, p. 155. 

Case VIII. Under the care of Mr. S. Nagao, an army medical officer. " The 
patient was a native of Toyama, in the Province of Etchiu. In the summer of his 
fifteenth year of age that part of the right leg just above the knee joint on the inner 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 55 

side swelled without any apparent reason for it. In the interior of the swelling 
a hard mass was to l^e felt. There was no pain. It was somehow treated by a 
local physician and disappeared in about ten days. A year after, the swelHng reap- 
peared at the same place, but ajjain subsided in about the same length of time. From 
this time until his enlistment in the Nagoya garrison, the same swelling often 
recurred, invariably during the sunnner. The patient did not definitely remember 
if it took place every year or if there were years in which it did not occur. The 
enlistment was in May, 1885. In July of the same year the usual swelling appeared 
on the inner side of the lower one-third of the right thigh. It was observed that 
the swelling shifted its position up and down by itself to a small extent. It caused 
no trouble and soon disappeared. The next year passed without the appearance of 
the swelling. But in 1887, at the beginning of July, the swelling manifested itself 
this time at Scarpa's triangle. It did not at all interfere with the patient's general 
health, and dispersed in a few days. In Septemlier of the same year the swelling 
reappeared on the inner side of the middle of the thigh. As it gave him pinching pain, 
Mr. Nagao was consulted. The latter found a hard mass of the size of a fist, situated 
in tlie subdermal tissue at the above-mentioned spot. It could be shifted to a certain 
extent. The surrounding tissue was inflamed and swollen. Attempts were made to 
test if it contained anything obtainable by means of inserted syringe, but in vain. 
Iodine tincture was administered for about forty days. This had no desired effect; on 
the contrary, the swelling enlarged and the pain increased to such a degree as to 
make the patient incapable of performing his duties. He was then taken into the 
hospital. Carbolic-acid water was injected into the swollen tissue and cold wrapper 
applied. In five days there was indication of suppuration, and so a warm wrapper 
was substituted for the cold. In four days more the swelling suppurated and was 
cut open. Together with thin pus, the worm described below came out of the pug 
cavity. The latter, situated in the subcutaneous tissue, was traversed by trabeculse 
of connective tissue in various directions. The wall of the cavity was at some places 
smooth, as if lined by serosa." * * * 

"The removal of the worm, which was undoubtedly the cause of the almost 
annual swelling, took place just nine years after this occurred for the first time." — 
Ijima tt Murata, 1888, pp. 155-157. 

Case IX. Reported by Mr. K. Takahashi to Ijima & Murata. " The patient was 
a girl, 11 years old, native of Ko-aiki village, in the Province of Kozuke. In spring 
of last year [1887] she suffered from conjunctivitis. From January of this year the 
upper eyelid of the left eye l)egan to swell and redden, with intervals of comparative 
repose. Even during such an interval the eyelid seemed to be somewhat thicker 
than usual. On March 16, during a school exercise, she felt pain in the eye so that 
she was compelled to return home. However, the pain soon subsided, and the next 
morning she was able to attend school. On 19th, a swelling was noticed on the eye, 
which was investigated by Mr. Hagiwara, a j)hysician in the town of Mayebashi. 
According to him, the swelling was of the size of a small bean, was situated on the 
eye bull), beneath the conjunctiva, showed no signs of inflammation, and could be 
shifted to a certain extent. On cutting the conjunctiva open, a worm protruded 
itself. It was then drawn out by means of a pincette, during which process the 
]>atient felt a slight pain. It seems that the worm was originally situated in the region 
of the fornix of the upper eyelid, but had changed its position so as to come beneath 
the conjunctiva bulbi." — Ijima A Murata, 1888, p. 161. 

Case X. Reported to Ijima & Murata by Takesaki. A worm was found by Dr. 
Disse in a subject in the dissecting room of their university. It was embedded in 
the subcutaneous connective tissue of the left inguinal region. "According to our 
informant, INlr. Takesaki, of the Pathological Institute, who was the eyewitness of 
the discovery, the worm was about one foot and a half long and tapeworm-like, Init 
unsegmented. It was new to I)i.s.se, and Takesaki, who saw the specimens of Ijima 
and Murata, tHbught it to be the same worm." — Ijima & Murata, 1888, p. 157. 



56 



BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 



So far as we have learned, no new cases in man appear to have ])oen 
reported since 1888, although the parasite has been mentioned in a 
number of medical and zoological works. According- to several 
authors, Sonsino has reported the same worm from the jackal ( Canl>< 
aureus). Sonsino's paper is not accessible to us. All other references 
found are based upon the observations of Manson, Cobbold, Leuckart, 
and Ijima & Murata, reviewed above. The Japanese papers Ave are 
unable to read, but the more important facts contained in them appear 
in the English paper by Ijima & Murata. 



SPURIOUS PARASITISM DUE TO PARTIALLY DKJESTEI) BANANAS. 

By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., 
Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, 



Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., 

Acting Assistant Zoologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 

[Figures 37-38.] 

This laboratory- receives numerous specimens of parasites which 
phj^sicians in various parts of the country forward for determination. 
Not infrequently structures of various kinds are submitted to us as 

parasites which, in reality, are 
not of parasitic nature, but 
represent partially digested 
plant fibers of various kinds, 
and hair, clots, etc. 

Quite recently two physi- 
cians have sent specimens 
which are identical with speci- 
mens received upon several 
former occasions. In former 
determinations of these partic- 
. ular objects we have contented 
ourselves by replying that the 
structures in question, which 
bear a superficial resemblance 
to minute tapeworms, were cells from some plant. In the last two 
cases received the objects were examined more closely, and they were 
determined to be tissues from a banana — a determmation which has 
been confirmed by Dr. Erwin Smith and Mr. Albert F. Woods, of the 
Bureau of Plant Industry. 

The objects in question, when submitted, represented dark-brown to 
black fibers, which looked as if they were segmented like a tapeworm, 




Fig. 37.— a portion of banana found in the stool. 
Enlargecl. Original. 



ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS rAPERS ON ANIMAL PAR A SITES. 



57 



and they wore found attiichcd to a pulpy yellowish mass. Each 
" segment " represented a plant cell which contained a dark mass. Our 
correspondent, in transmitting the last specimen, writes: 

" I have mailed ycni this day a package containing two specimens, of wliich I (h'Hire 
to learn the origin and history. While they may l>e very common and yon may 
recognize them innnediately, they are .so foreign to the medi- 
cal profession that my efforts witli the microscope have not 
aided me in accounting for them. They are in a 40 i)er cent 
solution of formalin. 

"These organisms were both passed in the stool of a child 
not yet tw^o years old. They were thoroughly mixed with the 
feces, and I am satisfied from my knowledge of the case that 
they were passed from the bowel. Tlie child is one of two in 
a poor family, and this little one has been very low for tiie past 
three months, but lias l)een for S(.)me two weeks improving con- 
siderably. The worm '■'■ was passe<l on Monday, the 21st instant 
[Octo1)er, 1901], and was i)receded for twenty-four hours by 
high temperature and fecal discharges containing pus. The 
smaller segmented organisms were passed since this, and are 
constantly in the stools at present, always attached to the small 
ovoid masses of colloid material. 

"The child has not eaten any class of food fmm which this 
substance could be derived, because she has been helpless in 
bed for some six months. Her diet has been limited to milk and malted milk, toast 
and butter, grape and lemon juice, water, and medicines. 

"I desire to learn, in so far as i)ossible, the classitication of these organisms, their 
life history and habits, that I may l)etter account for their unusual source. 

"The child has also been eating crushed banana, and in one other instance have I 
found foreign bodies similar to the segmented organisms." 




Fig. 38.— Dark banana 
cells showinj? arrange- 
ment resembling tape- 
worm strobilae. En^ 
larged. Original. 



"Determined by Dr. L. 0. Howard as a leijidoi)terous larva, apparently I'yralis 
farinalis. 



INDEX TO TECHNICAL NAMES. 



Page. 

Agamodistoma 29 

Ayumodistomum -",28, 29-34, 48 

ophthalmobium 24, 25, 29-34 

AmpMslomuhi/n 28, 48 

Anchistrocephalus 21-22 

microcephalns 22 

polypteri 22 

Anddrocephalu.<< 21, 22 

Ancylostomum duodenule 45 

A nguUlula 36-40 

areti 35, 36-40 

Anguillulidif 36-40 

Ascaris 36 

Bothriocephalid* 20, 43 

Bothriocephaliden 20 

Bothriocephalin;e 20, 21 

Bothriocepfmlus 21 , 43, 44, 47, 48 

bipimctatus 48 

laius 43 

leguloides 49 . 

liguloides 49, 53 

lingidoides 49 

Manmni 49 

microcephalus 21 

Clinostomum 21 

Coccidium 18, 19 

cuniculi 18 

hominis 18 

oviforme 18 

perforans 18 

variahile 18 

Cysticercns cellulosie 27, 28, 34 

pisiformis 27 

tieniie mediocanellatx 28 

Ci/tospermium 18 

hominis 18 

Dibothriocephalinie 43 

Diljothriocephalus 43 

lahis 43, 46, 47 

Dihothrium 47, 48 

Muyisoni 49 

Dicrocoelium laneeatum 25, 28, 29, 33, 34 

ocidi fiumani 29, 34 

Diodophyme renalet 40 

14459— No. 35—02 5 59 



60 INDEX. 



Diplogonoporus 43-47 

halsenojiterx 43, 44 

grandis 43, 44—47 

Distoma 28 

brachysomum 20 

macrophaUos 20 

ocular 29 

oculare 29 

oculi humanl 27, 29, 32, 33, 34 

opacum 20 

ophthalmobium 25, 29 

pygmeeum 20 

simile 20 

variegafum 20 

Distomen 29 

Distomulum 29 

Distomum opiithalmobinm 29, 34 

Ringeri 45 

sim He 20 

Eimeria IS, 19 

bigemina 19 

Delagei 19 

falciformis IS, 19 

gasterostei 19 

nova 19 

propria 19 

Stiedfe 18, 19 

tenella 19 

trimcula 19 

'Eimeriella lS-19 

nora 19 

Fasciola hepalica 25, 28, 33, 34, 47 

ocularis 29 

octdis 28, 29 

Fasdolidpe 19 

Festucaria lentis 25, 28 

Filaria 26 

sanguinis hoyniiiis 40 

Goussia ^ 18 

Gregarina falrifonn is 18 

oralis 18 

Heematola'chus 20 

similigen us 20 

similis 20 

Krabhea 43, 44 

grandis 43, 44 

Leguli Mansoiri 49 

Levinsenia 1 9, 20 

LevinsenieUa 19-20 

bracliysoma 20 

Ligula 47, 48, 53 

Mansoni 49, 52 

Mesogonimns 21 

Mesogonime 20, 21 



INDEX. 61 

Page. 

Mesogonus -^ 

Microphallits 20 

Monocystis Stiedtv 1^ 

Monostoma 27, 28 

constrictiun 28 

lentis 25,27,28 

leporin 27 

Setleni 28 

Monostomen 25, 26 

Monosstom alum '- - 25-29, 31 

lenth 24,25-29,34 

Monostomum lentis 25 

Nematoda 36 

Oj^chobullirium 21 , 22 

sepiicolle 21 

Opisthorchis feUneus 33 

O.vi/uris vei-micularis 40 

Paragonhnus Westermanii 45, 47 

Pfeifferella 18 

pri»crps 18 

Pfeifferkt 18 

pri))ceps 18 

Polyonchobothrium 21 , 22 

polypteri 22 

t^epticoUc 21 

Psorospermhtm 18 

cunicitli 18 

uniculi 18 

Ptyohobothriina 21 

Ptychobothriina' 20, 21 

Pyralis farinalis 57 

RhabcIHis 36 

pelliu 40 

Schistosoma hxmatohium 40 

Sparganum 48-52 

Mansoni 40, 47, 49-52 

Spelotrerna 20 

Strongylidaj 41 

Strongylus 15, 41-42 

contortus 7. 8, 15 

subiilis 41-42 

T:m in 47 

nodulosa 23 

Tetrabothrivm polypteri 21 

Trisenophoridfe 23 

Trifunophorina? 23 

TriivnopJiorus 22-24 

nodulosuH 24 

Tricuspidaria 23-24 

nodulosa 22, 23, 24 

Tricuspidariinaj 23 

Tricenophoru's 24 

Uncinaria 15 

duodenolis 45 

Vibrio 36 

O 



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